Question

知识讲解：2016考研英语语法指导——考研英语定语从句详解

Answer 1

定语从句
一、【知识网络】
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分　 用于限制从句或非限制性从句　　 只用于限制性从句
代替人 代替物　　　　　　代替人或物
主语　 Who　　　　　　　 which　　　　　　　 that
主语　 Whom　　　　　　　which　　　　　　　 that
宾语　 Whose（=of whom） whose（=of which）
This is the detective who came from London. The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
The desk whose leg is broken is very old. This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.关系代词的用法
（1）如果先行词是all，much，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which.例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
（2）如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，mush，no，some，very等词修饰，关系代词常用that，不用which，who，或whom.例如：
（3）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that，作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election，most of whom、are well educated.
（4）which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
He succeeded in the competition，which made his parents very happy.
（5）that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
（6）which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征。品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
（7）如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which；若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who.
（8）先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that.例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
（9）如果先行词是anyone，anybody，everyone，everybody，someone，somebody，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用which.例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you？
3.“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构
（1）“介词＋关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”结构中的介词可以是
in，on，about，from，for，with，to at，of，without 等，关系代词只可用whom或
which，不可用that .
（2）from where为“介词＋关系副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill，from where we can see the town…
（3）像listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care
of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间。地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因
That有时可以代替关系副词 when，where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因，在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词。关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
（1） 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语。宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
3.先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
1）This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about……
2）He was the only person in this country who was invited
四、as在定语从句中的用法
1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
（1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
（2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which.例如：
The elephant's nose is like a snake，as anybody can see.
（3）the same--- that与 the same ---as在意思上是不同的。
2.as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面。中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
（1）As is expected，the England team won the football match.
（2）The earth runs around the sun，as is known by everyone.
3.as, which的比较
1).在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语．如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用
They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.
She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.
2).如从句在主句之前，用as
As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.
As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.
3).如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有“正如．．．”“就象．．．”之意时，用as
We won the match, as we had expected. He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.
4). 当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用as
This is the same book as you bought yesterday.同类书 (比较：This is the
same book that you bought yesterday.同一本书)
Don’t believe in such men as praise you to your face.
I never give my students so difficult a question as no one can work out.
5). 当从句内容对主句内容起消极作用，则用which
The young man cheated his friend out of much money, which was disgraced.
6). as 也可以用来引导非限制性定语从句， 用来指待一件事，这时它的位置可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
He is an American, as/which we know from his accent. As we know from his accent, he is an American.
He, as we know from his accent, is an American. As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
Grammar, as has been said above, is not a set of rules.
Grammar is not a set of dead rules, as/which has been said above.
正如: As everyone knows, as you may still remember, as you said, as I
can see, as has been mentioned above, as you may have heard, and etc.
【主要考点】
考点一:that 与which 的区别
只用that的情况:
1. 先行词为all, little, much, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词
2.先行词被all, little, much, every, no, 等修饰时。
3.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰先行词前有序数词(the first),形容词最高级(the best), the
Last，the very, the only 等时。
4. 先行词为人和物的组合
5.若主句中有疑问代词 who 或者 which，为了避免重复, 关系代词不要再用 who, which，而用 that。
只用which的情况:
1,逗号后面 2,介词后面
考点二:介词+关系代词
提醒: 介词﹢关系代词引导的定语从句, 关键是判断介词的选择.
方法一:根据从句中动词与先行词习惯搭配 方法二:根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系
注意：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关
系代词只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替，但遇固定词组时，介词一般紧跟词组主体，不作前置 ，Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for ?
考点三 Whose 用法及转换形式
1. whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。
That’s the child whose father is a teacher
2.whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。
Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor? This is a book whose cover is green.
3. whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，
即whose+名词=the +n + of which
=of which + the + n.
He lives in the room whose window faces south.
= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.
= He lives in the room, of which the window faces south
考点四：as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。
1. 当与such或as 连用时，一般用as。
2. as 引导的从句可以放在句首, as 本身有“正如…..正象…”之意，与之连用的词有 know, see, expect, announce, point out 等。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
考点五: that 与who的区别
在anyone, those, he/she/I / they作先行词时, 用”who” 代替 “that”.
Anyone _____breaks the law is punished. Those _____ break the law are punished.
He _____ breaks the law is punished.
考点六:如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词?
I will never forget the day when I first went to school. I will never forget the day that we spent in Beijing.
The house which we visited is being repaired now. The house where Luxun once lived is being repaired now.
考点七:定语从句中主谓一致问题
定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。
1.I am not one who __is____afraid of difficulty． 2.Don‘t choose me, who ____am___not fit for this job．
考点八：以抽象地点(mark, situation, case, point, scene, business，occasion等)作先行词的定语从句中关系词一般用where，occasion作先行词时也可以用when.