定语从句的关系代词
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1、who, whom, that
限定性定语从句中的关系代词 作主语 作宾语 作定语 指人 who/that whom/that(可省略) whose 指物 which/that which/that(可省略) whose 指人和物thatthatwhose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词 作主语 作宾语 作定语 指人 who whom whose/of whom 指物 which which whose/of which 特殊情况:
只能用that的情况, 先行词为everything,all,little,much等不定代词时; 先行词被all,every,no,any,some,little,much,one修饰时; 先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时; 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时; 先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时; 先行词有人又有物时; 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。 不能用that的情况 介词前置时; 非限定性定语从句中 先行词本身是that 多用who,不用that的情况 先行词为anyone,one,ones时; 先行词为those,he和people时; 这些词代替指人,whom在定语从句中指人,who和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略,who作宾语变为whom),that可以指人也可以指物, who不可指物 。在从句中所起作用如下:
(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2)He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见到的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 刚刚和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。(whom在从句中作宾语)
注:who在定语从句中指人,作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略;做及物动词或介词的宾语,可省略。
2,which,that 用来指物(有六种情况只可用that而不用which)
(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略),例如:
(1)The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在从句中作主语)
(2)The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)
注:which在定语从句中指物,可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语,作宾语时可省略;that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略,指人时,相当于who或whom,指物时,相当于which,作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that前,当介词提前时,需要用which或whom来代替。
2、whose
(只用作定语)
“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)
例:A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。(“whose parents”表示那个孩子的双亲)
He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。(“whose”表示那个房子的窗户) 关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语。 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从句省略。[eg:This is the book (which)you want.]
2.如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前面,但有的则放在它前面的位置。
3. 代表物时的that常被省略;
c)被形容词最高级修饰时;既有人又有物时;
e)整个句中前面已有“which”,“why”时
关系代词分类如下:
一、指人的关系代词。
主格——who,用在动词前,作主语。
属格——whose,用在名词前作定语。
宾格——whom,用在主语、谓语动词的前面,作动词或介系词的宾语。当介系词位于句子的末尾的时候,可以用who或whom来表示,但是如果把介系词提到从句之首,关系代词只能用whom。
The student who answered the question was Richard.
回答这个问题的同学是约翰。
I know a boy whose mother is a doctor.
我认识一位妈妈是医生的男孩。
The man whom she married was a teacher.
她嫁的那个人是一位教师。
The person of whom you are speaking is our principal.
你提到的那个人是我们的校长。
The person who you are speaking of is our principal.
你提到的那个人是我们的校长。
二、指物的关系代词。
主格——which,用在动词前,作主语。
属格——whose,用在名词前作定语。
宾格——which,用在主语、谓语动词的前面,作动词或介系词的宾语。我们把介系词提前,只能用which。
English is a language which is spoken all over the world.
英语是全世界通用的语言。
Look at that house whose roof was damaged.
看那幢屋顶受损的房子。
Remember the advice which I gave you.
记住我给你的那条忠告。
The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late.
我在等的那班火车已经晚了半小时。
三、指人或物的关系代词。
主格——that,用在动词前,作主语。
属格——whose,用在名词前作定语。
宾格——that,用在主语、谓语动词的前面,作动词或介系词的宾语。
The boy that is playing the guitar is Richard.
正在弹吉他的男孩是理查德。
I like the building that was designed by Mr. Howell.
我喜欢那幢被毫尔先生设计出来的大楼。
He was looking for a car whose engine was in good condition.
他在找一辆引擎状况很好的车子。
The sandwiches that we ate for lunch weren't delicious.
我们午餐吃的三明治不好吃。
四、其它关系代词。
as,指前面的整个句子,可以作主语或宾语,如:
The earth is round, as is known to all.
人人皆知,地球是圆的。
The elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
任何人都能看见,大象就像条蛇。
than,用在比较句中,可以指代人或物。如:
You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
你花的钱超过了预定的数额。
but,表示否定,可以指代人或物。如:
There are no rules but have some exceptions.
凡规则皆有例外。
There is no mother but loves her children.
没有哪个母亲不爱自己的子女。
⒈ 如果修饰人,一般用关系代词who,whom,whose 或that.在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that,作宾语的一般用whom,who或that,作定语并具有物主性质的用whose.(在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略)
如:
①I don’t like people who/that get angry easily.
我不喜欢容易发脾气的人.
( 关系代词who/ that在定语从句中作主语,不可省略)
②Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see.
这就是你想见的人.
( 关系代词whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
③Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast?
你班上有谁家在东北的?
( 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语,不能省略)
注意:用who 还是whom ,完全根据它们本身在定语从句中的地位和作用而定,与先行词在主句中的作用无关.尤其要注意在带有插入语的定语从句中who和whom的选用.
如:
①The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage.
寄信人要付邮资.
( who sent the letter是定语从句,修饰person,who在定语从句中作主语,因此用主格)
②He is a man who I believe is honest.
他是一个我认为诚实的人.
( I believe是插入语,去掉该插入语剩下的便是He is a man who is honest,在语法及句意上都能成立,who是定语从句中动词is的主语,故用主格,不用宾格whom.)
⒉ 如果修饰事物,用关系代词which 和that,作宾语时可省略.作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which (不能省) ,而不用that(关系代词that既能代人,又能代物).whose也可用来指物(此时可用of which来代替),在定语从句中作定语.
如:
①Don’t buy tomatoes that/ which are green.
不要买颜色还是青的西红柿.
( that/ which 在定语从句中作主语,不能省)
②The fish (that/ which) they sell are not fresh.
他们卖的鱼不新鲜.
( that/ which 在定语从句中作宾语,可以省)
③The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那个教室将很快修理.
④The tool with which he is working is called a saw.
=The tool (that/ which) he is working is called a saw.
他干活用的那个工具叫叫锯.
(介词with位于关系代词之前,须用which,不能省,也不能用that)
二 定语从句中关系副词的选用
⒈ when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,有时也可用介词+which来代替.
如:
I still remember the day when / on which I first came to Beijing.
我还记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景.
She came at a time when we needed her most.
她是在我们需要她的时候来的.
⒉ where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,有时也可用介词+which来代替.
如:
That is the house where/ in which he lived ten years ago.
那是他十年前住过的房子.
I have found a peaceful place where/ in which we can study.
我找到了一个能学习的安静的地方.
⒊ why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,常可用for+ which来代替.
如:
I know the reason why/ for which she was so angry.
我知道她为什么那么生气.
Do you know the reason why/for which he came so late?
你知道他来得这么晚的原因吗?
◆应注意关系副词和关系代词在定语从句中的不同使用.
如:
* I’ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself.
我永远忘不了我独自出国的那一天.
( when在从句中代替时间状语on the day,我们可以把这个句子分解为I’ll never forget the day.I went abroad myself on the day.)
* We’ll never forget the days that we spent together.
我们永远也不会忘记我们在一起度过的那些日子.
(that 代替the day,在句中作spent的宾语,that可以省略.该句可分解为We’ll never forget the days.We spent the days together.)
三 way 作先行词之后的定语从句
当“way”表示“方式、方法”在句中作先行词,后被一个定语从句修饰时,引导定语从句可用that ,也可用in which,或什么都不用.
如:
I don’t like the way that he laughed at me.
=I don’t like the way in which he laughed at me.
=I don’t like the way he laughed at me.
我不喜欢他用那种方式来嘲笑我.
四 time 之后的定语从句
time作先行词,前面如有序数词和last修饰时,引导定语从句不能用when,只能用that 或两者都不用.但前面如无序数词或last,常用when(有时也用that)引导定语从句.
如:
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
这是我最后一次给你们上课.
The first time I saw Premier Zhou was in 1958.
我第一次见周总理是在1958年.
I don’t know the exact time when the track and field meet will take place.
我不知道田径运动会举行的确切时间.
如果修饰事物,用关系代词which 和that,作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which (不能省) ,而不用that(关系代词that既能代人,又能代物)。whose也可用来指物(此时可用of which来代替),在定语从句中作定语。
如:
①I don’t like people who/that get angry easily.
我不喜欢容易发脾气的人.
( 关系代词who/ that在定语从句中作主语,不可省略)
②Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see.
这就是你想见的人.
( 关系代词whom/ who/ that在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
③Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast?
你班上有谁家在东北的?
( 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语,不能省略)
注意:用who 还是whom ,完全根据它们本身在定语从句中的地位和作用而定,与先行词在主句中的作用无关.尤其要注意在带有插入语的定语从句中who和whom的选用.
如:
①The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage.
寄信人要付邮资.
( who sent the letter是定语从句,修饰person,who在定语从句中作主语,因此用主格)
②He is a man who I believe is honest.
他是一个我认为诚实的人.
( I believe是插入语,去掉该插入语剩下的便是He is a man who is honest,在语法及句意上都能成立,who是定语从句中动词is的主语,故用主格,不用宾格whom.)
⒉ 如果修饰事物,用关系代词which 和that,作宾语时可省略.作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which (不能省) ,而不用that(关系代词that既能代人,又能代物).whose也可用来指物(此时可用of which来代替),在定语从句中作定语.
如:
①Don’t buy tomatoes that/ which are green.
不要买颜色还是青的西红柿.
( that/ which 在定语从句中作主语,不能省)
②The fish (that/ which) they sell are not fresh.
他们卖的鱼不新鲜.
( that/ which 在定语从句中作宾语,可以省)
③The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那个教室将很快修理.
④The tool with which he is working is called a saw.
=The tool (that/ which) he is working is called a saw.
他干活用的那个工具叫叫锯.
(介词with位于关系代词之前,须用which,不能省,也不能用that)