Question

介绍我国任意一个少数民族，介绍他们的风土人情·风俗习惯等

150字左右

Answer 1

朝鲜族风俗习惯

婚俗
　　朝鲜耐绝族的婚姻为一夫一妻制。按照传统习惯，近亲、同宗、同姓不婚。“男主外，女主内”是一种普遍习俗。朝鲜族婚俗从说媒到结婚要经过六次礼节，即“纳采”、“问名”、“纳吉”、“纳币”、“请期”和“迎请”。姑娘和小伙的接触传话，需要一个“媒人”。首先，男方家要让媒人到女方家“看善”，与汉族的“相亲”相似，如满意，小伙正式向姑娘求婚，女方若也同意，男方家就往女方送“四柱”。四柱就是在一张纸上写着姓名和星辰宿象（出生的年月日时）女方再拿姑娘的四柱与之对“穹合”，所谓“穹合”就是指男女的属相是否相顺而不相克。如二人生肖相合，女方就经媒人通知男方家，说两个人的“穹合”相对，男方可“择日”确定举行婚礼的日期并送彩礼到女方家，一般要有“青缎”、“红缎”等。“纳采”礼是新郎家向新娘家提亲时送的礼物。“问名”礼是占卜新娘将来的运气好坏而打听其母姓名的礼仪。“纳吉”礼是新郎家向新娘家通知吉日。 “纳币”礼是新郎家给新娘有送的青缎、红缎等财礼，“请期”礼是新郎家把选定的婚期以书面形式送到新娘家征求意见，新娘家则根据姑娘的具体情况回复。“迎亲”礼，即新娘家则根据姑娘的具体情况回复。“迎亲”礼，即新郎迎接新娘，也最为隆重。 　　朝鲜族婚礼的仪式很复杂，在延边，婚礼一般分两段进行：先在新娘家举行，后在新郎家举行。在新娘家举行谓之“新郎婚礼”，在新郎家举行谓之“新娘婚礼”。新郎婚礼一般要按奠雁礼、交拜礼、房合礼、席宴礼等顺序进行。新郎在新娘家住三日后，便独自回家，随后新娘等待选定的吉日再被迎接到新郎家，新郎家也照样搭起醮礼厅，为新娘摆喜筵，第二天新娘同丈夫家的人相认，施礼，被请去招待，至此，婚礼才告结束。朝鲜族结婚后一般都不离婚，他们在婚礼中举行献木雁的仪式，象征夫妻白头到老的愿望。

丧葬
　　朝鲜族多实行土葬，散居在城镇的也实行火葬。在朝鲜族社会，父子关系是一切人伦关系的基础。讲求父慈子孝，长子赡养父母。社会上老人受到尊重，人们非常鄙弃不孝不敬的人和行为。朝鲜族老人死后，亲人三天内不准洗脸、理发，也不准吃干饭，而且必须穿孝。亲友来吊唁，首先在遗体前三叩首，再同死者亲属相互二叩首。举行埋葬一定要在单日。入殓时要给死者穿新衣，原来的衣服则烧掉。三天后埋葬。埋葬前要请风水先生选墓地，墓地多选在山坡的阳面，头朝山顶脚朝下。埋葬后，坟前置供品，叩首。以后要连续祀三天，饭前上供：第一天上供祭祀叫“初云”，第二天叫“拜云”，第三天带供品到坟地叫“三云”。以后每逢死者的生日、死日、清明、端午、中秋节等都要祭祀。

食俗
　　朝鲜族的传统风味食品很多，其中最有名的是打糕、冷面、泡菜。打糕是用蒸熟的糯米打成团、切块、撒上豆面并加稀蜜、白糖 制成。冷面是在荞麦面中加淀粉、水，和匀成面条昌旅姿，煮熟后用凉水冷却，加香油、辣椒、泡菜、酱牛肉和牛肉汤等制成，吃起来清凉爽口，味道鲜美。泡菜是将大白菜浸泡几天，漂净，用辣椒等作料拌好，放进大缸密封制成。腌制时间越长，味道越可口。打糕：朝鲜族最爱吃的传统食品之一。打糕的历史比较长，早在18世纪朝鲜族的有关文献中已有记载，当时称打糕为“引绝饼”，并称引绝饼已称为传统食品之一。如今，凡逢佳节或红白喜事，每家都用打糕来招待亲朋好友。顾名思义，打糕是打出来的。打糕的原料主要是糯米。不产糯米的地方，则用小黄米或糜子；所洒的豆面原料，除用小红豆外，还可以用黄豆、绿豆、松子、栗子、红枣、芝麻等。制作时，先将粘米淘净蒸熟，放在打糕槽内或石板上，用打糕槌子把米粒打碎粘合在一块而成。吃的时候，用刀蘸水切割成小块，蘸着糕面吃。 　　冷面：朝鲜族传统食品之一。朝鲜族人不仅在炎热的夏天爱吃冷面，即使在寒冬腊月里也喜欢坐在炕头吃冷面。特别是每年到农历正月初四中午，朝鲜族有全家一起吃冷面的习俗。据民间传说这一天吃面条，可以“长命百岁”，故冷面也称做“长寿面”。冷面的主要原料是荞麦面、小麦面和淀粉，也可用玉米面、高粱面、榆树皮面和土豆淀粉制作。做法是在荞麦面中加淀粉、水，和匀成面条，煮熟后用凉水冷却，加香油、辣椒、泡菜、酱牛肉和牛肉汤制成，吃起来清凉爽口，味道鲜美。 　　耳明酒：喝“耳明酒”是朝鲜族的风俗。正月十五早晨，空腹喝耳明酒，以祝耳聪，此酒并非特制，凡是在正月十五早晨喝的酒，都叫“耳明酒”。 　　三伏与狗肉酱汤：三镇搏伏是一年中最炎热的季节。可是朝鲜族在三伏天却有宰狗吃狗热汤的习俗。这种酱汤别有风味，在三伏天吃狗肉酱汤可大补。朝鲜族大多数人爱吃狗肉。然而在节日，或办红白喜事时是绝对不准吃狗肉的。这是一种习俗，也是一种礼节。 　　五谷饭：朝鲜族吃五谷饭由来已久。每逢正月十五，农民用江米、大黄米、小米、高粱米、小豆做成五谷饭吃。还拿一些放到牛槽中，看牛先吃哪一种，便表示哪种粮食这一年能获丰收。这种风俗，至今还在民间流传。 　　米酒：朝鲜族爱喝的一种饮料。米酒是他们招待客人的佳品，如有客人来访，主人总要端上来一碗自家酿制的米酒。这种酒比黄酒的色稍白一点，而且还略带甜味。这种米酒后劲十足。长辈一起喝酒时，要把头移到旁边去喝，切不可面对着长辈举杯饮酒，否则就是对长辈的不尊重。 　　辣白菜：朝鲜族最爱吃的传统食品之一。每年冬天，大白菜下来后，他们就开始制作辣白菜了。此时无论是农村还是城镇，家家都要做，少则几百斤，多则上千斤，因为要持续吃到第二年的春天。辣白菜，清香爽口，有解腻解酒、助消化、增食欲之功效，既是平日家中的常菜，又可以上宴席。因此它倍受欢迎，成了朝鲜族日常饮食中所不可缺少的一道菜。　 　　 朝鲜族日常饮食
朝鲜族喜欢食米饭，擅做米饭，用水、用火都十分讲究，做米饭用的铁锅，底深、收口、盖严，受热均匀，能焖住气儿，做出的米饭颗粒松软，饭味纯正。一锅一次可以做出质地不同的双层米饭，或多层米饭。各种用大米面做成的片糕、散状糕、发糕、打糕、冷面等也是朝鲜族的日常主食。 　　朝鲜族日常菜肴常见的是“八珍菜”和“酱木儿”（大酱菜汤）等。“八珍菜”是用绿豆芽、黄豆芽、水豆腐、干豆腐、粉条、桔梗、蕨菜、蘑菇八种原料，经炖、拌、炒、煎制成的菜肴。大酱菜汤的主要原料是小白菜、秋白菜、大兴菜、海菜（带）等以酱代盐，加水焯熟即可食用。 　　咸菜是日常不可缺少的菜肴。朝鲜族泡菜做工精细，享有盛誉，是入冬后至第二年春天的常备菜肴。泡菜味道的好坏，也是主妇烹调手艺高低的标志。朝鲜族菜肴食用后大都有一定的滋补和医疗作用。如春天食用的“参芪补身汤”、伏天食用的“三伏狗肉汤”、冬天食用的野味肉和野味汤等。 　　朝鲜族节日菜肴品种繁多，并备时令名菜。朝鲜族名菜名点很多，主要有神仙炉、补身炉（又称补身汤、狗肉火锅）、冷面、打糕、朝鲜泡菜等。另外还有：酱牛肉萝卜块；铁锅里脊；生拌鱼等朝鲜族风味菜肴。

岁酒
　　这种酒多在过“岁首节”前酿造。岁首节相当于汉族的春节，“岁酒”以大米为主料，配以桔梗、防风、山椒、肉桂等多味中药材，类似于汉族的“屠苏酒”，但药材配方有所不同。用于春节期间自饮和待客，民间认为饮用此酒可避邪长寿

用餐礼仪
　　餐桌上，匙箸、饭汤的摆法都有固定的位置。如匙箸应摆在用餐者的右侧，饭摆在桌面的左侧，汤碗摆在右侧，带汤的菜肴摆在近处，不带汤的菜肴摆在其次的位置上，调味品摆在中心等。 　　朝鲜族人民非常注重礼节，尤其崇尚尊老爱幼的传统美德。晚辈对长辈必须用敬语，吃饭时长辈动筷后其余人才能就餐。父母诞辰60周年这一天，子女们还要为老人举办“花甲宴”（也叫花甲礼）。花甲宴上，子女亲戚欢聚一堂，老两口穿上新衣端坐正中，身穿盛装的子女以辈分长幼为序，依次向老人敬酒。礼毕后子女们盛情款待亲朋好友。

节庆
　　朝鲜族节日与汉族基本相同。此外有三个家庭节日，即婴儿诞生一周年、“花甲节”（六十大寿）、“回婚节”（结婚六十周年纪念日）。朝鲜族一向崇尚礼仪，注重节令。每逢年节和喜庆的日子，饮食更加讲究，所有的菜肴和糕饼，都要用辣椒丝、鸡蛋片、紫菜丝、绿葱丝或松仁米、胡桃仁等加以点缀。 　　朝鲜族春节：能歌善舞的朝鲜族人民的节日生活丰富多彩。除夕全家守岁通宵达旦，古老的伽倻琴和洞箫的乐曲声，将人们带入一个新的境界。节日期间，男女老少纵情歌舞，压跳板、拔河等，竞赛场上，热闹非凡，人们扶老携幼争相观看。正月十五夜晚，举行传统的庆祝集会，有几位老人登上木制的“望月 朝鲜族的“花甲宴”
架”，以先看到明月为福，意味着他的儿孙健康、万事如意。随后，大家围着点燃的“望月楼”，随着长鼓、洞箫、唢呐乐曲声载歌载舞直到尽兴。 　　上元节：朝鲜族传统岁时节日。每年农历正月十五日举行，节期一天，这天，朝鲜族要先到祖坟送灯，然后在堂内烯“属”灯，院内挂天灯、院门两旁挂壁灯，还要到河里放灯船。这一天还要吃药饭、五谷饭，喝聪耳酒。药饭以江米、蜂蜜为基本原料。掺大枣、栗子、松子等煮成。因药饭原料较贵，不易凑齐，一般以大米、小米、大黄米、糯米、饭豆五种做的“五合饭”代替。以盼望当年五谷丰收。晚上，大家举着火炬上东山高处迎圆月，谁当年有福，谁就能望见初升圆月，迎月之后，男女老少在月光下踏桥。踏桥，也叫跺桥。朝语中“桥”和“腿”两词同音，跟桥意为练腿。踏桥时，每人要在桥上往返几次至几十次不等，共次数必须与自己的岁数相等，以求祈福禳灾。 　　婴儿生日节：即婴儿周岁生日节。在朝鲜族的人生仪礼中，婴儿的一周岁纪念日最受重视。婴儿一周岁纪念日的庆祝活动也非常隆重。婴儿生日到来之际，婴儿的妈妈就把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮，然后给孩子穿上一套精心制作的民族服装，然后把孩子抱到已准备好的生日桌前，让婴儿“过目”专门为他摆设的“涉猎物”。桌子上会摆放一些打糕、糖果、食品、笔、书、小枪等等带有象征意义的东西。客人到齐后，婴儿的妈妈就叫孩子从桌子上五花八门的东西中随便拿自己喜欢的中意之物。当孩子伸手从桌子上拿一样东西时，客人们就欢腾起来，说一些使祝兴的话。这个过程人们叫做婴儿受生日席桌的“仪式”。有的地方还有老人给孩子脖子套上一团素白色线的习俗，以示希望孩子象雪白的线团那样做一个洁白的人，能像长长的线那样命长延寿。 　　洗头节：阴历六月十五日是朝鲜族的洗头节。这一天被视为黄道吉日。清晨，男女老少都到河边洗头，传说用向东流的溪水洗头是很吉利的。晚上，人们还要在家里举行洗头宴，唱洗头歌，然后全家老少高高兴兴地坐在一起，吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。 　　回婚节：在朝鲜族的家庭节日中，最隆重的是“回婚节”，亦称“归婚节”，即结婚60周年纪念日。举行回婚节必须具备如下三个条件：一是老两口都健在；二是亲生子女都在世；三是孙子孙女无夭折。如果亲生子女或孙子孙女中有死亡者，则不能举行回婚节。因此，谁家能举办回婚节，是种很大的荣耀，亲朋好友都要前来祝贺，一对老人穿上年轻时的结婚礼服，相互搀扶着入席，大家频频举杯祝福，比年轻人的婚礼更为热闹隆重。 　　六一节：六一国际儿童节在延边已演化成新的全民节日。在延边，人们把“六一”儿童节活动当成一项重大的爱幼活动。“六一”这一天，往往万人空巷，人们穿着节日盛装涌向公园进行游园活动。 　　除了传统节日外，小儿周岁、结婚、老人六十大寿，都要大摆筵席，宴请宾客。筵席的传统菜点不仅花样繁多，造型也要优美华丽，好多食品都要做成鸟兽形。所有礼仪筵席，以祝贺老人六十大寿的“花甲”席最为讲究和隆重。

千人针
　　“千人针”指的是经多人之手缝制的一条有文图的布带。当青年应征入伍时，斜披在肩上作为克敌制胜的象征。这一习俗是与一个古老传说有关。据说，很早以前，有一个富庶的村落里，人们都过着自由幸福的生活。有一天来了一个力大无比的妖魔，残害村民。村中的壮士与它交手，都因为力量不足，被它吃掉了。有一青年立志要除掉这妖魔，到处寻求方法。有1000个媳妇(自然不能用寡妇)来缝制，这一条带子就有了1000人的智慧和力量，便可打败妖魔。青年人按照智者的话办了，做成了“千人针”，披在身上去和妖魔决战，真的打败了妖魔。于是“千人针”便成了胜利保障的象征，世世代代流传下来，谁家有应征入伍者，家人就手捧布带求人缝这千人针，以图吉利。 　　近代在抗日救国的浪潮中，又有所发展。上世纪三十年代，日寇侵略中国东北时，住在延边的许多朝鲜族爱国妇女，不论有无家人入伍，她们都手捧布带，在车站、码头甚至走街串巷互相缝制“千人针”。缝制时还说一些对日寇诅咒和对抗日战士祝福的话。

禁忌
　　朝鲜族喜食狗肉，但婚丧与佳节不吃。朝鲜族人非常尊重老人，晚辈不能在长辈面前喝酒、吸烟；吸烟时，年轻人不得向老人借火，更不能接火，否则便被认为是一种不敬的行为；与长者同路时，年轻者必须走在长者后面，若有急事非超前不可，须向长者恭敬地说明理由；途中遇有长者迎面走来，年轻人应恭敬地站立路旁问安并让路；晚辈对长辈说话必须用敬语，平辈之间初次相见也用敬语。忌讳人称“鲜族”，是日本侵略时代留下的蔑称。

Answer 2

朝鲜族的婚姻为一夫一妻制。按照传统习惯，近亲、同宗、同姓不婚。“男主外，女主内”是一种普遍习俗。父子关系是一切人伦关系的基础。讲求父慈子孝，长子赡养父母。社会上老人受到尊重，人们非常鄙弃不孝不敬的人和行为。多数地区居民实行土葬，散居在城镇的则实行火葬。

朝鲜族比较喜爱素白服装。妇女服装为短衣长裙，叫“则高利”和“契玛”。男子服装为短上衣，外加坎肩，裤腿宽大。外出时多穿斜襟以布带打结的粗哗伏长袍，现在改穿制服或西服。

朝鲜族的主要食粮一般是大米、小米，京渍(即辣泡菜)是不可缺少的菜。喜爱吃打糕、冷面、大酱汤、辣椒和狗肉。现在不少人学习汉族烹饪技术。

朝鲜族的村落，多位于山坡下的平地上。村内房屋的建筑面向东南、南和西南。有瓦房与草房，房墙外多刷白色。房内一般分寝室、客室、厨房和仓库等。室内有平炕，进屋脱鞋，席炕而坐。近年来家庭中的陈设日渐讲究。朝鲜族人民非常讲究礼节，注重卫生，尤忌随地吐痰。房子、餐具、衣被等都很整洁。

朝鲜族的节日有春节、清明节、端午节、中秋节等。清明上坟添土，中秋除草，并进行祭祀，以示对故人的哀思。此外还有3个家庭节日，即：婴儿诞生一周年，岩携“回甲节”(60大寿)，“回婚节”(结婚60周年纪念日)。每逢后两个喜庆日，子女、亲友、邻居都向老人祝寿、祝福。

朝鲜族信芦态仰宗教的人较少。信教者有的信佛教，有的信基督教或天主教。佛教在朝鲜族中有悠久的历史，佛教的某些礼仪和习俗早已渗透于朝鲜族人民生活之中，成为民族风俗。但是，现在佛教在朝鲜族中影响不多。近年来，因为受到韩国的影响，在我国朝鲜族中，信仰基督教的人越来越多。但朝鲜族没有全民性的统一宗教。

Answer 3

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Answer 4

傣族，在民族识别以前又被称作摆夷族。
傣族全民信仰佛教，但原始宗教活动亦较普遍，如祭祀寨神、寨鬼、农业祭祀、狩猎祭祀、灵物崇拜等。
泼水节（傣历新年）是傣族最富民族特色的节日。节期在傣历六月，相当于公历4月。泼水节这一天人们要拜佛，姑娘们用漂着鲜花的清水为佛洗尘，然后彼此泼水嬉戏，相互祝愿。起初用手和碗泼水，后来便用盆和桶，边泼边歌，越泼越激烈，鼓声、锣声、泼水声、凯裂欢呼声响成一片。泼水节期间，还要举行赛龙船、放高升、放飞灯枝袭等传统娱乐活动和各种歌舞晚会。其大多数都与佛教有关。
傣族男子一般上穿无领对襟袖衫，下穿长管裤，以白布或蓝布包头。傣族女子的服饰各地有较大差异，但基本上都以束发、筒裙和短衫为共同特征。筒裙长到脚面，衣衫紧而短，下摆仅及腰际，袖子却又长又窄。
傣族以大米为主食,喜爱糯米，最具特色是竹筒饭。制作方法是将新鲜的糯米装进竹筒盯搭闭后加水后，用一个玉米胡塞上，放在火上烧烤，吃起来清香可口。傣族还有很多特色烧烤。傣族的凉拌也十分美味，比如干巴丝，包烧鱼等等，那可是美味至极啊。