Question

（2）英语高手帮忙翻译一下，要结合文意翻译，不要电脑翻译的，要人工翻译的谢谢。很急的。谢谢

2.4 血亲和姻亲称谓的差异
血亲和姻亲称谓的差异。汉语里血亲称谓和姻亲称谓界限分明，比较复杂。血亲称谓属自主称谓, 其年龄义素由所指本人的年龄决定, 如“ 哥哥、姐姐” 长于自我, “ 弟弟、妹妹” 幼于自我, “伯父” 、“ 叔叔”分别长于和幼于父亲。 姻亲称谓属从属称谓, 其年龄义素只与中介有关, 与所指本人的年龄无关。如“ 伯母”是伯父之妻, 其中介（即伯父） 长于父亲, 但其本身的年龄并
未反映。“ 妹夫”是幼于自我的女性同胞之夫, 但其本身的年龄也未反映。其他姻亲称谓如“婶婶、嫂嫂、姐夫、弟媳、大舅子、小叔子、小姑子”等也属此类。 不含年龄义素的姻亲称谓也可由此类推划入从属称谓, 如“舅妈、姑夫、姨夫” 。不少从属称谓含有相对的自主称谓的语素, 如“ 伯母”之“伯” 、“姐夫” 之“ 姐” 、“ 姑夫”之“ 姑” , 自主称谓不会含有相对的从属称谓的语素。 “丈夫、妻子” 是最直接的姻亲称谓, 属同一核心家庭, 且
不含年龄义素, 可以不划入从属称谓。 “ 公公、婆婆、岳父、岳母、儿媳、女婿” 则属从属称谓, 它们不含年龄义素, 但其辈份义素由中介称谓决定。在亲属称谓中, 曾祖父、曾祖母、祖父、祖母、父亲、母亲等, 书面语色彩浓重, 通常是不用在口语里当面称呼人的, 但在叙述和介绍时, 特别是在较为庄重的场合或书面语中叙述、介绍人物之间的关系时, 多用这种称谓, 而其他亲属称谓既可在介绍和叙述时使用, 亦可用作面称的呼。
而英语不区分血亲和姻亲，父母的兄弟以及父母姐妹的丈夫都称“uncle”，父母的姐妹以及父母兄弟的妻子都称“aunt”。
2.5亲属称谓语的泛化
中国人习惯将亲属称谓用作社交称谓, 即把亲属之间的称谓用于非亲属之间, 甚至用于称呼陌生人, 从“ 大爷”、“大娘”、”叔叔”、” 阿姨”到” 大姐”、”大哥”不一而足。中国文化中非常重视宗亲关系。中国社会是在氏族血缘关系的宗法社会基础上发展起来的, 在其民族文化中, 高度重视血缘关系, 强调等级的差异。因此在汉语中亲属称谓用于非亲属之间是一种非常常见的
称呼形式, 这种称谓可以使交际双方感到亲近, 缩小双方的距离, 从而收到较好的交际效果。而美国作为一个移民社会, 它的发展史是个人奋斗开拓的历史, 人们强调的是人的独立性、平等性, 不论长幼辈份, 人人平等, 即使是小孩子也不会称一位陌生的老人为” 老爷爷”。在美国文化中, “ Grandpa” ( 爷爷) “ uncle”( 叔叔) 等亲属称谓一般仅限于亲属之间使用。我们有时见到中国的小学生或中学生非常礼貌地把外国人称作” aunt”、” uncle’等时, 这些外国人的反映却是困惑不解, 甚至反感: “ 别叫我叔叔( 阿姨) ,我不是你的叔叔, 请叫我John( Please call me John, not uncle, I’m not your uncle) “。在汉语中直呼其名的范围一般限于亲朋好友之间, 且限于长辈、上级对小辈、下级之间或平辈、平级之间, 对于长辈甚至是不熟悉的长辈、上级如果直呼其名, 一定会惹得对方不快。但在美国英语中直呼其名的范围要宽泛得多。随着中西文化交往的增多, 我们也逐渐习惯对英美人士直呼其名。但对社会地位较高或较有威望的西方人士, 不能一概照搬, 以免显得唐突。

Answer 1

2.4 blood and the difference of in-laws appellation

Blood and the difference of in-laws appellation. Chinese appellation and blood relatives by marriage appellation boundaries clear, is more complex. Blood relatives appellation terms of independent appellation, its age by referring to the age & my decision, such as "brother, sister" longer than ourselves, "brother, sister," the young in the self, "uncle", "uncle" were young and longer than to father. In-laws appellation of affiliate appellation, its age only with relevant intermediary &, and referring to my regardless of age. Such as "aunt" is uncle's wife, the intermediary (i.e. uncle) longer than a father, but its own age and

Not reflect. "My brother-in-law" is young in their female compatriot who, but its own age also not reflect. Other in-laws appellation terms such as "aunt, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, DaJiuZi, brother-in-law, XiaoGuZi" also is such. Excluding age & in-laws title is also from the analogy delimit affiliate titles, such as "aunt, GuFu, uncle." Many affiliate appellation of the terms of the relatively independent containing elements, such as "aunt" of the "" "," brother-in-law "" sister", "GuFu" of "gu", independent appellation not contain relative affiliate of the terms is morpheme. "Husband and wife" is the most direct in-laws appellation, belong to the same core family, and

Excluding age &, can not delimit affiliate appellation. "Father-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, her daughter-in-law, son-in-law" is affiliate appellation, they don't contain any & age, but the generational by intermediary appellation & decision. In the relatives appellation terms, the grandfather, grandmother and grandfather, grandmother, father, mother, the written language colour dense, usually don't have spoken in the name of the person face to face, but in the narrative and the introduction, especially in a solemn occasion or written, described in the introduction, between the characters, multi-purpose the appellation, and other relatives appellation terms can be in already introduced and used narration, may also serve as a call to face says.

But English is not distinguish between blood and in-laws, parents brothers and parents and sister's husband called "uncle", parents and sisters parents brother's wife called "aunt".

2.5 relatives say the generalization of predicate

Chinese people will relatives appellation terms used as social appellation, that of the title in the between relatives between relatives, and even used to address the stranger, from "big ye," "woman", "uncle", "aunt" to "big sister", "big brother" vary. China attaches great importance to cultural imitative relationship. Chinese society is in the clan ties patriarchal society developed on the basis of, in the national culture, pay high attention to the blood relationship, emphasize on the level of the differences. So in Chinese for the relatives appellation terms between relatives is a very common

Call form, this kind of title can make both sides feel close communication, bridging the distance, and received good communication effect. But the United States as a immigration society, it is the history of the development of the struggle of the development history, people emphasize that the man's independence, equality, no matter the youngest generational, everyone is equal, even children won't say a strange old man for the "grandpa". In the American culture, "Grandpa" (grandfather) "uncle" (uncle), and other relatives appellation terms generally limited to use between relatives. We sometimes see China's primary school students or high school students is very polite to foreigners called "aunt", "uncle", etc, these foreigners is the reflection of puzzled, and even disgusted: "don't call my uncle (aunt), I'm not your uncle, Please call me John (Please call me John, not uncle, I 'm not your uncle)" in Chinese. The scope of the names of ZhongZhi called generally limited to relatives and friends, and limited to seniors, between superior to XiaoBei, lower level, flat between or equals to the elder, even between is not familiar with the elders, superior if use first names, will make the other party fast. But in the United States called the scope of the names of ZhongZhi English to much wider range. With the Chinese and western culture with increasing, we gradually to native English speakers use first names. But for higher social status or less prestigious people in the west, can't copy anything, lest appear brusque.

Answer 2

2.4The difference of the blood kin and kin by marriage title
The difference of the blood kin and kin by marriage title.The Chinese language inside blood kin title and kin by marriage title boundary is clear, more complicated.The blood kin title belongs to independent title, its age righteousness vegetable from my age decision pointed, such as" elder brother, elder sister" longer than ego, "younger brother, younger sister" young in ego, "uncle", " uncle" is longer than and young than a father respectively.The kin by marriage title belongs to from belong to title, its age righteousness vegetable relates to agent, is as irrelevant as my age pointed.Is the uncle's wife, lie(namely uncle) a longer than father among them such as" aunt", but it of age combine
Don't reflect." Brother-in-law" is younger than himself/herself of the man of female compatriot, but it of the age didn't reflect as well.Other kin by marriage titles also belong to this kind such as"aunt, elder brother's wife, brother-in-law, younger brother's daughter-in-law, big Jiu son, brother-in-law's son and husband's younger sister's son" etc..The kin by marriage title that doesn't contain an age righteousness vegetable can also from here the type push to row to go into from belong to title, like"the man of aunt, Gu man and Yi".Is many from belong to the language vegetable that the title implies opposite independent title, like" Gu" of " elder sister", " Gu man" of "uncle", "brother-in-law" of " aunt", the independent title can't imply oppositely from belong to the language vegetable of title."Husband, wife" is the most direct kin by marriage title, belong to the same core family, and
Don't contain an age righteousness vegetable, can not row to go into from belong to title." Grandfather, mother-in-law, father-in-law and mother-in-law, the daughter-in-law of the son and son-in-law" then belongs to from belong to title, they don't contain an age righteousness vegetable, but it generation the righteousness vegetable is decided by the agent title.In the relatives title, great grandfather, great grandmother, grandfather, grandmother, father, and mother...etc., the written language color is thick heavy, usually is that need not directly call a person in the vernacular speech, but in the description and the introduction, especially describe in more solemn situation or the written language, introduction person of the relation of , use more this kind of title, but other relatives titles since can in the introduction and the description use, may also used to noodles to call of shout.
But English don't classify blood kin and kin by marriage, the brothers of the parents and the husbands of parents' sisters to all call "uncle", the wives of the parents' sister and parents brothers all call "aunt".
2.5 relatives title the language be suffused with to turn
The Chinese habitually used to relatives title social intercourse title, then used for the of non- relatives to the title of of relatives, Be even used for calling a stranger, from" big Ye", "big Niang", "uncle" and" aunt" arrive " elder sister", "eldest brother" there are more than one.Value a clan relatives relation very much in Chinese culture.Chinese society is develop on the ancient society based upon clan system foundation that relates to in the clan blood relationship, in its race culture, highly value a blood relationship relation, emphasize the difference of grade.Therefore in the Chinese language the relatives title is used for an of non- relatives is a kind of very familiar
Call a form, this kind of title can make social intercourse both parties feel close and narrow both parties' distance and receive better social intercourse effect thus.And American as the society of an emigrant, its development history is individual struggle to expand of history, what people emphasize is the person's independence, equal, in spite of young and old generation, the everyone is equal, even if is a child to can't call an unfamiliar old man as " old grandpa", either.In American culture, "Grandpa"( grandpa)"uncle"( uncle) waits relatives title to generally and only be limited by an of relatives use.We sometimes see the primary school for China living or high school student very courtesy ground call" aunt" to the foreigner, " uncle'etc., but the reflection of these foreigners is a perplexity and don't understand, even bad impression:" Don't call my uncle( aunt), I ain't your uncle, please call my John( Please call me John, not uncle, I'the m not your uncle)".Keep the scope of shouting its to generally be limited by an of friend in the Chinese language, and be limited by elder, superior to the small generation, descend class occasionally the same generation, even of even is the elder that doesn't acquaint with to the elder, superior if keep shouting its, will definitely ask for the other party isn't quick.But keep the scope of shouting its to want breadth to be suffused with much in American English.Along with medium the Spanish turn increasing of association, we are also used to a rightness of British and American personages keeping shouting gradually its.But higher to social status or more have the western personage of prestige, can not all shine on to move, so as not to seem to be rudely.

Answer 3

爱莫能助，涉及太多专业词汇，希望那个强人能完成这个任务

Answer 4

真牛。。负责