Question

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In any engineering the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in which the component works.
There are a number of different ways in which load can be applied to a member .loads may be classified which respect to time.
(1)A static load is a gradually applied load for which equilibrium is reached in a relatively short time.
(2)A sustained load is a load that is constant over a long period of time, such as the weight of a structure (called dead load).This type of load is treated in the same manner as a static load; however, for some materials and conditions of temperature and stress, the resistance to failure may be different under short time loading and under sustained loading.
(3)An impact load is a rapidly applied load (an energy load).Vibration normally results from an impact load, an impact load, and equilibrium is not established until the vibration is eliminated, usually by natural damping forces.
(4)A repeated load is a load that is applied and removed many thousands of times.
(5)A fatigue or alternating load is a load whose magnitude and sign are changed which time.
It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted by internal forces set up within the material.
Stress(δ)=load/area=P/A (1)
Stressδmay thus be compressive or tensile depending on the nature of the load and will be measured in units of newtons per square meter(N/m²)or multiples of this.
If a bar is subjected to an axial load, and hence a stress, the bar will change in length. If the bar has an original length L and changes in length by an amount δL, the strain produced is defined as follows:
Strain(ε)=change in length/original length=δL/L (2)
Since, in practice, the extensions of materials under load are very small, it is often convenient to measure the strains in the form of stainⅹ 10 -6, i.e. microstrain, when the symbol used becomes με.
Tensile stresses and strains are considered positive in sense. Compressive stresses and stains are considered negative in sense. Thus a negative strain produces a decrease in length.
这是关于材料力学应力与应变的文章，我只会翻译单词，不会凑成句子，请英语高手帮忙翻译一下，不要用金山快译，这里牵扯到专业用语，请高手帮忙。。。。。

Answer 1

在任何工程上,单独的部件和零件,都受到由运行条件或部件工作的环境而产生的外力.荷载作用到零件上有许多不同的途径.就作用时间而论,荷载可被分为:
(1)静荷载.它是定量作用的,在相对短的时间内达到的均衡荷载;
(2)持续荷载.它是长时间作用的不变荷载;诸如,构件的重量(称作自重).这种形式的荷载,通常作为静荷载一样来处理.但是,对于某些材料和温度及应力条件,在短时间荷载和持续荷载下,其耐破断性是不同的.
(3)冲击荷载.它是快速作用的荷载(动荷载).通常,振动是由冲击荷载引起的.一般在自然阻尼力的作用下,振动消失后,冲击荷载才变成均衡荷载.
(4)重复荷载.它是一种动作千万次地作用的荷载.
(5)疲劳或交替作用的荷载.这种荷载的大小和方向是随时改变的.上面指出的外力,均衡地作用到物体上,由于材料内力的影响,均衡地作用到物体的外力产生反作用力.(下面,都译了;为什么不见了).应力(sigma)=荷载/面积=P/A (1).根据材料的性质,应力(sigma)有压缩和拉伸;以每平方米作用的牛顿力(N/m2)为单位或者乘上该数来量度.如果,一杆件受轴向力,从而产生应力;该杆件的长度将改变.若杆件的原长为 L ,长度变化为 (读:delta )L ;产生的应变定义如下:应变(epsilon)=长度变化/原长=(delta L) /L (2).
实际上,由于在荷载下材料的延伸很小,为方便常常以应变 X 10 9 即:微应变的形式来量度应变;这时,所用符号变为:(读: Mu-epsilon).
在意义上,拉应力和应变被认作是正的;压应力和应变是负的;因此,压应变是长度减小.

Answer 2

在任一工程学各自的组分或成员将被服从对外力出现从组分运作的服务条件或环境。
<dnt>
</dnt>有装载可能向成员被应用loads 也许被分类尊敬计时的一定数量不同的方式用。
<dnt>
</dnt>(1)A 静态负载是平衡被到达在相对地短时间的逐渐被应用的装载。
<dnt>
</dnt>(2)A 被承受的装载是是恒定的在一个长的时期的装载, 譬如结构的重量(叫做死的load).This 类型装载被对待相似作为静态负载; 但是, 为温度和重音的一些材料和情况, 对失败的抵抗也许是不同的在短时间装货之下和在被承受的装货之下。
<dnt>
</dnt>(3)An 冲击装载是迅速地被应用的装载(能量load).Vibration 通常起因于冲击装载, 冲击装载, 并且平衡不建立直到振动被消灭, 通常由自然阻止的力量。
<dnt>
</dnt>(4)A 重覆了装载是是应用的装载并且取消了许多数以万计时期。
<dnt>
</dnt>(5)A 疲劳或交替的装载是巨大和标志被改变计时的装载。
<dnt>
</dnt>它被注意了在那外力之上向一个身体被应用在平衡由内部力量起反应被设定在材料之内。
<dnt>
</dnt>Stress(?)=load/area=P/A (1)
<dnt>
</dnt>Stress?may 是压缩或拉伸根据装载的本质, 因而将被测量在牛顿单位每这的方形的meter(N/m.)or 倍数。
<dnt>
</dnt>如果酒吧被服从对轴向装载, 和因此重音, 酒吧将改变在长度。如果酒吧有原始的长度L 和改变在长度由数额?L, 张力导致被定义如下:
<dnt>
</dnt>Strain(?)=change 在length/original length=?L/L (2)
<dnt>
</dnt>因为, 实践上, 材料引伸在装载之下非常小, 它经常方便测量张力以污点的形式吗? 10 -6, 即microstrain, 当标志被使用成为?? 。
<dnt>
</dnt>拉伸重音和张力被认为正面在感觉。压缩应力和污点被认为消极在感觉。因而消极张力导致在长度的减退。