Question

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Cattle move to access patches that vary in
forage quantity and quality. Fragmentation can
prevent animals from reaching patches. I used an
integrative ecosystem model applied to three African
landscapes to explore the sensitivity of cattle populations
to fragmentation (here, changes in populations
as parcel areas decreased) under different precipitation
patterns. I hypothesized that low and high
precipitation would yield populations relatively
insensitive to fragmentation, intermediate precipitation
would yield more sensitive populations, and
more variable inter-annual precipitation would reduce
sensitivity to fragmentation. Precipitation data were
altered to yield averages of 100–1,000 mm year
1
and inter-annual coefficients of variation of 0–60%.
A 1,000 km2 landscape in each area was divided into
progressively smaller parcels and simulations conducted
for each parcel. Rainfall at 100 mm year
1
supported low populations that were insensitive to
fragmentation. Populations peaked at rainfall levels
similar to those observed, and declined under higher
precipitation, due in-part to shrub expansion.Fragmenting landscapes caused up to a 62% decline
in cattle. High inter-annual variation in precipitation
reduced sensitivity to fragmentation when precipitation
was above that observed. The pattern was
opposite when precipitation was below what was
observed. Cattle on the landscape with fine-scale
heterogeneity were relatively insensitive to fragmentation,
and those on the heterogeneous but coarsegrained
landscape were extremely sensitive. Fragmentation
in landscapes where populations are sensitive
will require more intensive inputs to offset
losses, and changes in the frequency of extreme
weather associated with climate change will alter the
sensitivity of some populations to fragmentation.

Answer 1

牛搬到获取补丁程序各有不同
牧草的数量和质量。零碎
防止动物深远的补丁。我用了一个
综合生态系统模型用于非洲三国
景观探索的敏感性，牛种群
以碎裂（这里的变化，人口
由于包裹地区下降） ，根据不同降水
花纹。 i推测低和高
降水将高产群体相对
麻木地割裂，中间降水
会结出更加敏感的群体，并
变数较多，跨年降水量将减少
敏感性碎裂。降水资料
变造的，以收益率的平均值100-1000毫米第1年
和年际变异系数的0-60 ％ 。
1 1000平方公里景观，在每个地区被分成
逐步将规模较小的包裹，并进行了模拟
每个包裹。降雨量在100毫米一年级
支持低收入人口分别麻木
支离破碎。人口高峰，各级降雨
类似于那些遵守，并拒绝较高下
降水的原因是由于部分，以灌木expansion.fragmenting景观造成了高达62 ％下降
在牛。高跨周年变化，在降水
降低敏感度碎裂时，降水
以上所观察到的。格局
相反，当降水量低于是什么
观察。牛对景观与罚款规模
异质性则相对不敏感的支离破碎，
和那些对异构但coarsegrained
景观都非常敏感。支离破碎
在风景照片，那里的人口是敏感
将需要更密集的投入，以抵消
损失和变化，在频繁的极端
天气与气候变化将改变
敏感的一些居民向碎裂。
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