Question

高中化学方程式 所有的 河北省用的

Answer 1

高中化学方程式
一,非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H)
1,氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸)
F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)
nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO )
3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 )
Cl2+H22HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃,加热,光照发生爆炸)
3Cl2+2P2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3PCl5 Cl2+2Na2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3 Cl2+CuCuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl)
Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2
Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I=2Cl+I2
3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3
3Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2
2O2+3FeFe3O4 O2+K===KO2
S+H2H2S 2S+CCS2 S+ZnZnS
S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取)
S+2CuCu2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
3S+2AlAl2S3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
N2+3H22NH3 N2+3MgMg3N2 N2+3CaCa3N2
N2+3BaBa3N2 N2+6Na2Na3N N2+6K2K3N
N2+6Rb2Rb3N N2+2Al2AlN
P4+6H24PH3 P+3NaNa3P 2P+3ZnZn3P2
H2+2Li2LiH
2,还原性
S+O2SO2 S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+
3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
3S+4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
N2+O2 2NO
4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2P+3X22PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2) PX3+X2 PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O
C+2F2CF4 C+2Cl2CCl4
C+O2(足量)CO2 2C+O2(少量)2CO
C+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)
2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2SiO2 Si+CSiC(金刚砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2↑)
3,歧化反应
Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化: (Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO)
Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)
3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaOCaC2+CO↑
3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑
二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性
2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O2
2Na+O2Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑
2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑
4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl2 Mg+Br2MgBr2
2Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS
2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备)
Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑
2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)
2Al+3Cl22AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)
2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O22FeO (炼钢过程)
Fe+I2FeI2
Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)
3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓
三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)
1,还原性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O
4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O
16 H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O
6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O
6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O
14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl,HBr,HI,H2S,NH3气体不能共存)
2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr,HI,H2S,NH3气体不能共存)
2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O
5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O
3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+++
2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
NH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O
NH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O
4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O
4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑ (生氢剂)
NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑
4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑ CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑
2,酸性:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻)
4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑
H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)
H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+
H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3
H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+
H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HCl
H2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+
H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中H2S)
H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+
H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)
2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑ (NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑)
3,NH3的碱性:
NH3+HX===NH4X (X:F,Cl,Br,I,S)
NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4+
2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4 NH3+H+=NH4+
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
NH3+H2S==NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4++HS-
4,不稳定性:
2HFH2+F2 2HClH2+Cl2 2H2O2H2+O2
2H2O2===2H2O+O2 H2SH2+S 2NH3N2+3H2
2HIH2+I2
四.非金属氧化物(SO3,SO2,N2O,NO,N2O3,NO2,N2O4,N2O5,CO,CO2,SiO2,P2O3,P2O5,Cl2O,Cl2O3,Cl2O5,Cl2O7,ClO2)
1,低价态的还原性:(SO2,CO,NO)
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
2SO2+O22SO3 SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Br–
SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2I–
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)
NO+NO2+2OH–=2NO2–
2CO+O22CO2 CO+CuOCu+CO2
3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2 CO+H2OCO2+H2
2,氧化性:
SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O
SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2
NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)
4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O
2NO2+Cu4CuO+N2 N2O+ZnZnO+N2
CO2+2Mg2MgO+C (CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)
SiO2+2H2Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si
3,与水的作用:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3
SO3+H2O===H2SO4 SO3+H2O=2H++SO42–
3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)
N2O5+H2O===2HNO3 N2O5+H2O=2H++2NO3–
P2O5+H2O(冷水)===2HPO3
P2O5+3H2O(热水)===2H3PO4 (P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂)
P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3
CO2+H2O===H2CO3
Cl2O+H2O==2HClO
Cl2O7+H2O==2HClO4 Cl2O7+H2O=2H++2ClO4–
太多了，写不下

Answer 2

这里不能说的太清楚，我建议你买一本高中理化生知识手册，那上边可全了。我高三时可就是靠的它。