Question

谁有乔纳森 斯威夫特所处的年代的社会，政治和宗教的详细介绍（最好是中英的）

Answer 1

早年

乔纳森·斯威夫特出生在都柏林。他出生时，父亲已去世七个月，妈妈阿比盖尔·艾瑞克生下她后就返回英格兰。他的叔叔古德温·斯威夫特抚养他长大，并对他进行启蒙教育。斯威夫特先进入基尔坎尼学院（Kilkenny College），后于1682年入都柏林三一学院就读。期间他结识了威廉·康格里夫，四年后拿到了文科学士学位。1688年叔父逝世，爱尔兰处于政治动荡时期，斯威夫特只得中断硕士课程，前往英格兰，和妈妈一同住在英国的莱斯特。不久，他开始担任威廉·坦普尔爵士的私人秘书，并在法恩海姆（Farnham）的摩尔庄园居住。坦普尔爵士此时已经退居田园，正在撰写回忆录。斯威夫特的才能颇受爵士器重，曾经把斯威夫特介绍给威廉三世，并曾派他去伦敦催促国王为国会拨款。也是在这段时间里，斯威夫特认识了当时年仅八岁的艾斯特·琼森，一个家务佣人的孤女。斯威夫特教她读书，昵称她为“斯特拉”。
1690年斯威夫特因为健康原因回了爱尔兰，但次年又回到了摩尔庄园。1692年他在赫特佛德学院获得了文科硕士学位。1694年斯威夫特对私人秘书的工作厌倦了，离开了摩尔庄园，到国教在爱尔兰新建的教堂当了牧师，后来到北爱尔兰的基尔如特当教区负责人。1696年斯威夫特在坦普尔劝说下回到摩尔庄园，为爵士整理回忆录准备出版。这段时间他完成了《书的战争》，但是拖到1704年才出版，同时他看到了已经十四岁的健康的斯特拉。
1699年初，坦普尔爵士去世。斯威夫特留在英格兰完成回忆录的编撰工作。夏天他改任正担任爱尔兰法官的伯克利伯爵二世的秘书。但当他感回爱尔兰时发现秘书已另有人选，他改为在各地教堂担任牧师。1701年他匿名发表了《关于雅典、罗马时期分歧、斗争的论述》一文。
[编辑]进入政治圈

1702年初他获得了都柏林三一学院的神学博士学位。春天他到伦敦旅行，结交执政的辉格党的一些知名人士。10月他和二十岁的斯特拉一起回到都柏林。1704年斯威夫特将《一只澡盆的故事》《书的战争》和《圣灵的机械作用》三篇讽刺文章汇集出版，尖锐地讽刺批评宗教和学术领域中的腐败现象和非国教徒。他犀利的风格受到民众的欢迎，也使他结识了亚历山大·蒲伯，约翰·盖伊和John Arbuthnot等一批文学圈的朋友。
1710年开始，由于辉格党支持非国教教徒，斯威夫特与其分裂。而托利党深知他的讽刺能力，于是拉拢斯威夫特。于是斯威夫特就任托利党刊物《考察者》的主编。1711年发表政治小册子“联盟的行径”攻击辉格党政府无力结束和法国的旷日持久的战争。随后托利党上台，斯威夫特是决策权中的一员，善于调节博林布鲁克子爵和罗伯特·哈利之间的矛盾。斯威夫特把自己的在这一段时间的经历和思想都写在给人在爱尔兰的斯特拉的信里，后来被辑成《给斯特拉的信》。1713年英国女王安妮任命斯威夫特为都柏林圣帕特里克大教堂的主持牧师，但是第二年女王逝世，托利党政府垮台，斯威夫特回到爱尔兰避祸。
[编辑]晚年

回到爱尔兰之后，斯威夫特开始为爱尔兰的民生撰写文章。他的很多重要作品即写作于这一时期，如《布商的信》（1724）一个温和的建议（1729）这些作品使他获得了爱尔兰爱国主义者的名声。1727年斯威夫特回到伦敦，和老友蒲伯相聚。不久他就因斯特拉病重而赶回了爱尔兰。1728年1月28日斯特拉去世，斯威夫特悲痛到无法参加他的葬礼。

Youth
Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640-1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. His father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned to England. He was left in the care of his influential uncle, Godwin, a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary.
Swift's family had several interesting literary connections: His grandmother, Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift, was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandfather of the poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt, Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden, was a first cousin of the wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother, Margaret (Godwin) Swift, was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle, Thomas Swift, married a daughter of the poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare.
His uncle Godwin Swift (1628-1695) a benefactor, he took primary responsibility for the young Jonathan, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College (also attended by the philosopher George Berkeley). In 1682 he attended Dublin University (Trinity College, Dublin), financed by Godwin's son, Willoughby, from where he received his B.A. in 1686, and developed his friendship with William Congreve. Swift was studying for his Master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham. Temple was an English diplomat who, having arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668, retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining the confidence of his employer, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance."[cite this quote] Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III, and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.

Answer 2

乔纳森·斯威夫特（英文名：Jonathan Swift，1667.11.30－1745.10.19），男，英国-爱尔兰作家，讽刺文学大师，以《格列佛游记》和《一只桶的故事》等作品闻名于世。