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宾语从句I asked what he liked best.
状语从句I wll tell him if he comes home.
虚拟语气
有些条件句是可能实现的,称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿.请求,设想,等未能或不可能实现的事实,或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型,即由if引导的虚拟条件句,省略if的倒装形式,可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句的句型,以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without, but for等介词引导的短语或句子.
四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:
1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.
2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.
3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.
4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.
6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.
7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用
(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式(be多用were)
Would/should/could/might + 动词原形
Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.
(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.
条件从句
主句
had + 过去分词
would/should/could/might + have +过去分词
Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.
(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形
would/should/could/might +动词原形
Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.
◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.
Eg. Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.
Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.
Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.
(1) 错综时间虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2
Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).
(2) 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.
Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.
A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.
Eg.
B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”
这些形容词有:
important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.
“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.
ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.
Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small.
ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.
Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.
C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.
Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.
Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.
E) 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
Eg. He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.
He speaks English as though he were an American.
F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.
Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)
It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)
G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.
Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!
状语从句I wll tell him if he comes home.
虚拟语气
有些条件句是可能实现的,称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿.请求,设想,等未能或不可能实现的事实,或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型,即由if引导的虚拟条件句,省略if的倒装形式,可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句的句型,以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without, but for等介词引导的短语或句子.
四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:
1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.
2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.
3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.
4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.
6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.
7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用
(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式(be多用were)
Would/should/could/might + 动词原形
Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.
(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.
条件从句
主句
had + 过去分词
would/should/could/might + have +过去分词
Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.
(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形
would/should/could/might +动词原形
Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.
◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.
Eg. Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.
Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.
Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.
(1) 错综时间虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2
Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).
(2) 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.
Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.
A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.
Eg.
B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”
这些形容词有:
important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.
“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.
ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.
Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so small.
ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.
Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.
C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.
Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.
Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.
E) 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
Eg. He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue.
He speaks English as though he were an American.
F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.
Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)
It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)
G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.
Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!
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宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。
宾语从句：及物动词
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees.
谁都知道钱不是长在树上。
Do you know where I can find her?
你知道在什么地方可以找到她？
Have you decided where you will go for a holiday?
你有没有决定到什么地方去度假？
宾语从句：短语动词
Please go and find out when the train will arrive.
请去弄清楚火车什么时候到。
The teacher pointed out that Tom hadn't studied hard enough.
老师指出汤姆学习不够努力。
That depends on how you do it.
那得看你怎么做的。
宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我对他们下一步打算做什么很感兴趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。
I am interested in what she is doing.
我对她做的事感兴趣。
宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我对他们下一步打算做什么很感兴趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。
I am interested in what she is doing.
我对她做的事感兴趣。
宾语从句：否定的转移
有些表示思想和感情的动词之后的宾语从句中的否定式可以注意到这些动词之前。
I don't suppose you're used to this diet.
= I suppose you aren't used to this diet.
我想你不习惯这种饮食。
<>
I don't imagine she will win the championship.
= I imagine she won't win the championship.
我认为她得不了冠军。
<>
I didn't expect she would pass the entrance examination.
I expected she wouldn't pass the entrance examination.
我以为她不能通过入学考试。
<><><>
以下括号内的句子比较不自然，但是也是可能出现的。
I don't think we have got enough time.
(= I think we haven't got enough time.)
我觉得我们的时间不够。
<>
I don't believe she'll arrive before 8.
(= I believe she won't arrive before 8.)
我相信她8点之前不会到。
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
虚拟语气
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！
你出去！
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气， 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望，要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在，过去和将来。
与现在事实相反的：
条件从句 结果从句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。
与过去事实相反的：
条件从句 结果从句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你，我就买了它。
If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。
有关虚拟语气的几个问题：
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。
Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青点， 她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you.
我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time.
我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party.
她应该来参加聚会。
If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的钱就能...。
3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。
宾语从句：及物动词
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees.
谁都知道钱不是长在树上。
Do you know where I can find her?
你知道在什么地方可以找到她？
Have you decided where you will go for a holiday?
你有没有决定到什么地方去度假？
宾语从句：短语动词
Please go and find out when the train will arrive.
请去弄清楚火车什么时候到。
The teacher pointed out that Tom hadn't studied hard enough.
老师指出汤姆学习不够努力。
That depends on how you do it.
那得看你怎么做的。
宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我对他们下一步打算做什么很感兴趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。
I am interested in what she is doing.
我对她做的事感兴趣。
宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我对他们下一步打算做什么很感兴趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。
I am interested in what she is doing.
我对她做的事感兴趣。
宾语从句：否定的转移
有些表示思想和感情的动词之后的宾语从句中的否定式可以注意到这些动词之前。
I don't suppose you're used to this diet.
= I suppose you aren't used to this diet.
我想你不习惯这种饮食。
<>
I don't imagine she will win the championship.
= I imagine she won't win the championship.
我认为她得不了冠军。
<>
I didn't expect she would pass the entrance examination.
I expected she wouldn't pass the entrance examination.
我以为她不能通过入学考试。
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以下括号内的句子比较不自然，但是也是可能出现的。
I don't think we have got enough time.
(= I think we haven't got enough time.)
我觉得我们的时间不够。
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I don't believe she'll arrive before 8.
(= I believe she won't arrive before 8.)
我相信她8点之前不会到。
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.
我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.
不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
虚拟语气
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虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。
If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。
If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉了他了。
If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。
He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。
He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。
虚拟语气的用法
1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy.
祝你幸福。
May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。
May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快！
You go out！
你出去！
2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气， 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望，要求。
I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形
It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。
It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。
It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。
4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。
虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在，过去和将来。
与现在事实相反的：
条件从句 结果从句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。
与过去事实相反的：
条件从句 结果从句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。
If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你，我就买了它。
If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。
If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。
If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。
If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。
有关虚拟语气的几个问题：
1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。
Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青点， 她就会干的。
Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。
2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。
I could help you.
我本来可以帮助你。
If I had time.
我要有时间该多好啊。
She should have come to the party.
她应该来参加聚会。
If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的钱就能...。
3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。
If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。
If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。
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He said that he would go with Anna.
He opened the window so that he could get rid of the smoke inside the room.
虚拟语气说的是不可能的假设，最常见的就是：
If I were you, I would not beat him.
再举个例子：
If Tom had not played so much, he could have passed the exam.
He opened the window so that he could get rid of the smoke inside the room.
虚拟语气说的是不可能的假设，最常见的就是：
If I were you, I would not beat him.
再举个例子：
If Tom had not played so much, he could have passed the exam.
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