英语倒装句的分类
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倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
第一节 否定词提前倒装
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…(but also), Not until(直到…..才),
No sooner….(than)(一…..就) Never/ Rarely/Seldom
Hardly/Scarcely… (when) Few/Little
Neither/Nor (也不) Nwhere
At no time Under no circumstances(决不)
On no account (决不) In no way
其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句
例题：
(1)
---- was the first fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
(A) Not until 1866
(B) Until 1866, just
(C) Until 1866
(D) In 1866, not until
答案：A
解释：由被动式was laid被名词短语分割开可知, 此句是个部分倒装句, 选项中只有A否定词提前可引导倒装句, 1866应是until的宾语, 故D不对; 此句正常语序应为: The first fully successful transatlantic cable was not finally laid until 1866.
(2)
Not until 1931 ---- the official anthem of the United States.
(A) “The Star-spangled Banner” did become
(B) when “The Star-spangled Banner” became
(C) did “The Star-spangled Banner” become
(D) became “The Star-spangled Banner”
答案：C
解释：否定词not放在句首引起部分倒装，只有C符合倒装语序
第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
例题：
(1)
Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent ----, or pronghorn.
(A) it is the American antelope
(B) the American antelope is
(C) is the American antelope
(D) the American antelope
答案：C
解释：此句为形容词短语be typical of作表语前置引起的完全倒装句, 空白处缺少的实为倒装的主语和谓语动词, A B未倒装, 可首先排除; D无动词, 也可排除. 此句正常语序应为: The American antelope, or pronghorn, is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.
(2)
The glaciers that reached the Pacific Coast were valley glaciers, and between those tongues of ice ----that allowed the original forests to survive.
(A) that many sanctuaries were
(B) were many sanctuaries
(C) were there many sanctuaries
(D) there the many sanctuaries
答案：B
解释：and是并列句的连接词，逗号前是分句一，and后是分句二. 因分句二中between引导的介词短语提前，空格处需要分句二倒装的主谓语，D无谓语，可先排除；A使原句只有从句无主句; C中there是多余的，只能选B
第三节 副词提前倒装
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样
同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装
He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
例题：
(1)
As inevitably as human culture has changed with the passing of time, so does the
A B C D
environment.
答案：D
应改为：has
解释：逗号后是副词so引起的倒装句，表示同前者相同，倒装的助动词应与前一句一致，也用has
(2)
Only outside the Earth's atmosphere ---- to attain extremely high velocities.
(A) to be safe for a space vessel
(B) is it safe for a space vessel
(C) for a space vessel to be safe
(D) a space vessel to be safe
答案：B
解释：副词only引导状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，只有B符合题意
第四节 疑问倒装
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
例题：
(1)
Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people----long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
(A) will they live
(B) they will be living
(C) will live
(D) living
答案：C
解释：此句是how many 引导的疑问句, 缺少倒装的谓语部分, 但因主语people已出现在句首疑问词之后, 不需要再进行主谓倒装. A B 中的they是people的重复, 没有必要; D 不能单独作谓语
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
第一节 否定词提前倒装
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…(but also), Not until(直到…..才),
No sooner….(than)(一…..就) Never/ Rarely/Seldom
Hardly/Scarcely… (when) Few/Little
Neither/Nor (也不) Nwhere
At no time Under no circumstances(决不)
On no account (决不) In no way
其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句
例题：
(1)
---- was the first fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
(A) Not until 1866
(B) Until 1866, just
(C) Until 1866
(D) In 1866, not until
答案：A
解释：由被动式was laid被名词短语分割开可知, 此句是个部分倒装句, 选项中只有A否定词提前可引导倒装句, 1866应是until的宾语, 故D不对; 此句正常语序应为: The first fully successful transatlantic cable was not finally laid until 1866.
(2)
Not until 1931 ---- the official anthem of the United States.
(A) “The Star-spangled Banner” did become
(B) when “The Star-spangled Banner” became
(C) did “The Star-spangled Banner” become
(D) became “The Star-spangled Banner”
答案：C
解释：否定词not放在句首引起部分倒装，只有C符合倒装语序
第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
例题：
(1)
Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent ----, or pronghorn.
(A) it is the American antelope
(B) the American antelope is
(C) is the American antelope
(D) the American antelope
答案：C
解释：此句为形容词短语be typical of作表语前置引起的完全倒装句, 空白处缺少的实为倒装的主语和谓语动词, A B未倒装, 可首先排除; D无动词, 也可排除. 此句正常语序应为: The American antelope, or pronghorn, is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.
(2)
The glaciers that reached the Pacific Coast were valley glaciers, and between those tongues of ice ----that allowed the original forests to survive.
(A) that many sanctuaries were
(B) were many sanctuaries
(C) were there many sanctuaries
(D) there the many sanctuaries
答案：B
解释：and是并列句的连接词，逗号前是分句一，and后是分句二. 因分句二中between引导的介词短语提前，空格处需要分句二倒装的主谓语，D无谓语，可先排除；A使原句只有从句无主句; C中there是多余的，只能选B
第三节 副词提前倒装
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样
同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装
He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
例题：
(1)
As inevitably as human culture has changed with the passing of time, so does the
A B C D
environment.
答案：D
应改为：has
解释：逗号后是副词so引起的倒装句，表示同前者相同，倒装的助动词应与前一句一致，也用has
(2)
Only outside the Earth's atmosphere ---- to attain extremely high velocities.
(A) to be safe for a space vessel
(B) is it safe for a space vessel
(C) for a space vessel to be safe
(D) a space vessel to be safe
答案：B
解释：副词only引导状语放在句首时，句子需要部分倒装，只有B符合题意
第四节 疑问倒装
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
例题：
(1)
Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people----long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
(A) will they live
(B) they will be living
(C) will live
(D) living
答案：C
解释：此句是how many 引导的疑问句, 缺少倒装的谓语部分, 但因主语people已出现在句首疑问词之后, 不需要再进行主谓倒装. A B 中的they是people的重复, 没有必要; D 不能单独作谓语
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倒装句分为全倒装和部分倒装两种类型。
英语句子使用的目的，可分为四大类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。这四大类型句子都有可能出现倒装句。浅析如下：
一、疑问句中出现的倒装句
1. 特殊疑问句中
（1）What is this?（全倒装）
（2）Which do you want?（部分倒装）
2. 一般疑问句
（1）Do you study English every day?（部分倒装）
（2）May I come in?
（3）Are you going to be a teacher?
特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或疑问词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装，即用陈述语序。例如：Who did it yesterday? Which guy can do this work?
一般疑问句中，常把助动词或情态动词放在句首，即位于主语前，而构成部分倒装。
二、感叹句中出现倒装句
1. What引导的感叹句
（1）What a happy life we have had！(宾语在主语前面)
（2）What a fine day it is!（表语在主语前面）
（3）What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!
2. How引导的感叹句
（1）How happy we are!（表语在前面）
（2）How hard they are working!（状语在前面）
（3）How nice a day it is!
3. 副词引导词引导的感叹句
（1）There comes the bus!
（2）In come the students!
（3）Off goes the worker!
What或how 引导的句子，主谓也有不倒装的。
What所强调的重点是名词，这一名词一般是表语或宾语，有时所强调的名词可能是主语。例如：What enormous crowd came!（《当代英语语法》中册P87）。What也可单独使用。例句：What she suffered in the old days!（《英语分类句型》P90）
How修饰形容词、副词或动词。有时how many的搭配也可修饰名词。For how many years have I waited! 该短语作状语。（《当代英语语法》）
副词引导词位于句首，一方面为了强调，另一方面使情景生动。主语是名词时，主谓倒装；如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。例如：Away he went to the station!
三、祈使句中出现的倒装
1. Long live the king! （《最新实用英汉辞典》P769）
2. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
3. May you succeed! 祝你成功！
Long may he live! 愿他长命百岁！（《英华大辞典》P780）
4. Don’t you open the door. Don’t anyone open the door.（《当代英语语法》中册P85）
祈使句一般无主语，有时也有主语出现。祈使句的主语要重读，代词也要重读（陈述句的主语一般不重读）。祈使句常用句号。表示一种强烈感情时，句子用感叹号。
四、陈述句中出现的几种倒装句
1. 主谓倒装
（1）Long long ago, there was a war between the birds and the beasts.
（2）Once upon a time there were six blind men in India.
（3）“Come along, then.” said the bird.
（4）...but toward the end there came the terrible storm...
2. 表语倒装
（1）Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man of great achievements.（全倒装句）
（2）Inside the pyramids are the rooms for the bodies of kings and queens.
（3）A very reliable person he is.（主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装）（《英语分类句型》P400）
3. 宾语倒装
（1）Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.
（2）Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
（3）Not a single mistake did he make.
（4）Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
宾语在前时，多数属于强调部分，句子一般不加助动词，偶尔也有助动词出现，如例句（3）。
五、复合句中的倒装
（1）I take back what I said.
（2）...and the ship would have sunk with all board had it not been for the captain.（要是没有那位船长，就会连船带人都沉没了。）
（3）Were I you，I would go with him.
（4）Proud as these nobles are，he is afraid to see me.
（5）Not only was everything that he had taken away from him，but also his German citizenship.
（6）Hardly (Scarcely)had he sat down when the telephone rang.
（7）The harder you work, the greater will be your achievement.
六、其他倒装
陈述句中为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语、宾语、状语等成分，或使上下文紧密衔接时，使用倒装句。
（1）On the wall is a blackboard on which were written some words，“It is no use sitting here without listening to me.”（定语从句中，主语的同位语太长）
（2）They entered the classroom，in front of which sat a naughty boy.（使上下文紧密衔接）
（3）Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people were looked down upon by the foreigners.（主语加上定语后太长而表语短，所以表语在前面，强调句子平衡）
英语句子使用的目的，可分为四大类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。这四大类型句子都有可能出现倒装句。浅析如下：
一、疑问句中出现的倒装句
1. 特殊疑问句中
（1）What is this?（全倒装）
（2）Which do you want?（部分倒装）
2. 一般疑问句
（1）Do you study English every day?（部分倒装）
（2）May I come in?
（3）Are you going to be a teacher?
特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或疑问词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装，即用陈述语序。例如：Who did it yesterday? Which guy can do this work?
一般疑问句中，常把助动词或情态动词放在句首，即位于主语前，而构成部分倒装。
二、感叹句中出现倒装句
1. What引导的感叹句
（1）What a happy life we have had！(宾语在主语前面)
（2）What a fine day it is!（表语在主语前面）
（3）What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!
2. How引导的感叹句
（1）How happy we are!（表语在前面）
（2）How hard they are working!（状语在前面）
（3）How nice a day it is!
3. 副词引导词引导的感叹句
（1）There comes the bus!
（2）In come the students!
（3）Off goes the worker!
What或how 引导的句子，主谓也有不倒装的。
What所强调的重点是名词，这一名词一般是表语或宾语，有时所强调的名词可能是主语。例如：What enormous crowd came!（《当代英语语法》中册P87）。What也可单独使用。例句：What she suffered in the old days!（《英语分类句型》P90）
How修饰形容词、副词或动词。有时how many的搭配也可修饰名词。For how many years have I waited! 该短语作状语。（《当代英语语法》）
副词引导词位于句首，一方面为了强调，另一方面使情景生动。主语是名词时，主谓倒装；如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。例如：Away he went to the station!
三、祈使句中出现的倒装
1. Long live the king! （《最新实用英汉辞典》P769）
2. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
3. May you succeed! 祝你成功！
Long may he live! 愿他长命百岁！（《英华大辞典》P780）
4. Don’t you open the door. Don’t anyone open the door.（《当代英语语法》中册P85）
祈使句一般无主语，有时也有主语出现。祈使句的主语要重读，代词也要重读（陈述句的主语一般不重读）。祈使句常用句号。表示一种强烈感情时，句子用感叹号。
四、陈述句中出现的几种倒装句
1. 主谓倒装
（1）Long long ago, there was a war between the birds and the beasts.
（2）Once upon a time there were six blind men in India.
（3）“Come along, then.” said the bird.
（4）...but toward the end there came the terrible storm...
2. 表语倒装
（1）Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man of great achievements.（全倒装句）
（2）Inside the pyramids are the rooms for the bodies of kings and queens.
（3）A very reliable person he is.（主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装）（《英语分类句型》P400）
3. 宾语倒装
（1）Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.
（2）Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
（3）Not a single mistake did he make.
（4）Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
宾语在前时，多数属于强调部分，句子一般不加助动词，偶尔也有助动词出现，如例句（3）。
五、复合句中的倒装
（1）I take back what I said.
（2）...and the ship would have sunk with all board had it not been for the captain.（要是没有那位船长，就会连船带人都沉没了。）
（3）Were I you，I would go with him.
（4）Proud as these nobles are，he is afraid to see me.
（5）Not only was everything that he had taken away from him，but also his German citizenship.
（6）Hardly (Scarcely)had he sat down when the telephone rang.
（7）The harder you work, the greater will be your achievement.
六、其他倒装
陈述句中为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语、宾语、状语等成分，或使上下文紧密衔接时，使用倒装句。
（1）On the wall is a blackboard on which were written some words，“It is no use sitting here without listening to me.”（定语从句中，主语的同位语太长）
（2）They entered the classroom，in front of which sat a naughty boy.（使上下文紧密衔接）
（3）Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people were looked down upon by the foreigners.（主语加上定语后太长而表语短，所以表语在前面，强调句子平衡）
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