Question

请英语大神帮忙翻译一下 万谢

4
Crop yield reflects the combined effects of genotype, cultural practice, and environment on crop growth and development.
Climate, soil, and physiographic and biotic factors each exert a direct effect on plant growth as well as an indirect effect through interactions with other environmental factors. Vulnerability of crops to adverse environmental conditions not only causes crop failure and harvest losses, but also prevents a significant extension of the global surface of arable land and a shift of more productive crops to new areas, Indeed, environmental factors exert a more powerful impact on food production than any other crop input. Environmental variables that cause yield fluctuations cannot be eliminated or controlled at present level of technology. Agriculture, therefore, may be the only branch of economic activity that is subject to wide and irregular output fluctuations beyond human control. If environmental variables were to upset the food supply/demand situation in two or more major food-producing regions of the world, widespread famine could result.
Although humans cannot control the environment, they have done everything within their power to dominate it. Excessively large amounts of nonrenewable energy inputs are expended directly and indirectly on crop production. Direct inputs include fossil fuels, pesticides, fertilizers, machinery, and irrigation water; indirect inputs include energy expanded on manufacturing, transportation, crop testing, and advisory inputs. These energy inputs are supplemental to sunlight energy for photosynthesis and are called cultural energy inputs. Although outputs of crops per hectare and per man-hour have soared spectacularly, the law of diminishing returns applies, and the efficiency of energy use in food production in many technologically advanced areas of the world is low.

Answer 1

专业翻译：
4
Crop yield reflects the combined effects of genotype, cultural practice, and environment on crop growth and development.
Climate, soil, and physiographic and biotic factors each exert a direct effect on plant growth as well as an indirect effect through interactions with other environmental factors. Vulnerability of crops to adverse environmental conditions not only causes crop failure and harvest losses, but also prevents a significant extension of the global surface of arable land and a shift of more productive crops to new areas. Indeed, environmental factors exert a more powerful impact on food production than any other crop input.
4. 农作物的产量反映了基因型、耕种技术和环境对农作物的生长与发展的综合影响。
气候、土壤、地文与生物因素，个别通过与其他环境因素的相互作用，直接和间接地影响植物的生长。农作物抗拒不利环境条件的脆弱性不单单造成作物歉收与收成损失，而且还妨碍全球可种植地范围的重大扩展以及将高产量作物移至新地域。确实，环境因素对粮食生产的影响比任何其他的作物投入都具有更大的威力。

Environmental variables that cause yield fluctuations cannot be eliminated or controlled at present level of technology. Agriculture, therefore, may be the only branch of economic activity that is subject to wide and irregular output fluctuations beyond human control. If environmental variables were to upset the food supply/demand situation in two or more major food-producing regions of the world, widespread famine could result.
目前所掌握的技术水平，还无法消除或控制造成粮食产量波动的环境变化。因此，产量深受广泛与不规则波动影响的农业，也许是唯一超越人类所能控制的一个经济活动分支。如果世界有两个或以上的主要粮食生产基地的供需情况受到恶劣气候变化的颠覆，可能会造成蔓延甚广的饥荒。

Although humans cannot control the environment, they have done everything within their power to dominate it. Excessively large amounts of nonrenewable energy inputs are expended directly and indirectly on crop production. Direct inputs include fossil fuels, pesticides, fertilizers, machinery, and irrigation water; indirect inputs include energy expanded on manufacturing, transportation, crop testing, and advisory inputs. These energy inputs are supplemental to sunlight energy for photosynthesis and are called cultural energy inputs. Although outputs of crops per hectare and per man-hour have soared spectacularly, the law of diminishing returns applies, and the efficiency of energy use in food production in many technologically advanced areas of the world is low.
尽管人类不能控制环境，但也已竭尽全力来引领它。超量的不可再生能源被直接和间接地投入于作物生产。直接投入包括化石燃料、农药、肥料、机械和灌溉用水；间接投入包括能源消耗于制造、运输，作物测试与咨询。这些补充太阳能光合作用的能源投入被称为耕作能源。虽然每公顷和每工时的作物产量已有惊人的飙升，但还是没有摆脱回报递减法则；而且，在世界的许多科技发达的地区，用于粮食生产的能源效率低下。

【英语牛人团】

Answer 2

作物产量反映了综合作用的基因型、文化实践,和环境对作物生长和发育。
气候、土壤和生物因素physiographic和每个施加直接影响植物生长以及通过交互间接地影响与其他环境因素。脆弱的作物对不利的环境条件不仅会导致作物歉收和收割损失,而且也让一个显著的延长全球表面耕地和生产率更高的作物转变到新的地区,事实上,环境因素发挥更强大的对粮食生产的影响比任何其它作物的输入。环境变量,导致收益率波动无法消除或控制目前的技术水平。农业,因此,也许是唯一的一个分支的经济活动,并接受宽,不规则的输出波动人类无法控制的。如果环境变量的颠覆食品供应/需求状况在两个或更多的主要产区歉收的世界,可能导致大面积的饥荒。
尽管人类不能控制的环境中,他们所做的一切在他们的权力支配它。过度大量的不可再生能源消耗的输入都是直接或间接对作物生产。直接输入内容包括化石燃料、农药、肥料、机械、和灌溉用水;间接输入内容包括能源扩大了对制造、运输、作物测试和咨询的输入。这些能量的输入都是补充到阳光进行光合作用和被称为文化能量输入。尽管输出每公顷的作物,每人每小时飙升引人注目,收益递减规律的应用,和效率的能源使用的食品生产许多先进技术领域的世界是低的。

Answer 3

庄稼产出能综合反映出基因型, 耕种操作, 环境作用于庄稼的生长等方面的影响.
气候、土壤、地文及生物因素对作物生长都会有直接的影响，并与其他环境因素共同产生间接的影响。庄稼在不利环境条件下的脆弱性不仅会造成庄稼生长失败和收成减少，还会阻碍全球可耕种土地的扩展和将更高产作物向新地区的推广。的确，环境因素对粮食生产的影响比其他对庄稼的投入的影响更显著。环境可变因素对于庄稼产出所造成的波动是无法通过技术手段来进行评估和控制的。因此，农业可能是经济活动中唯一一个受制于超出人类控制的不规则产出波动的分支。如果环境变量造成世界上两个或更多粮食主产区的粮食供应形势紧张，那将可能导致大规模的饥荒。
虽然人类无法控制环境，但他们已经作了力所能及的努力来对它进行支配。大量不可再生的能源投入被直接或间接地花费到庄稼生产中。直接投入包括化石燃料、杀虫剂、化肥、机械和灌溉用水；间接投入包括消耗在制造、运输、作物试验和咨询等方面的能源。这些能源投入只是进行光合作用的太阳能的附属品，因此被叫做耕种能源投入。虽然每公顷和每个工时的庄稼产出有了惊人的飞跃，然而回报率不断减少的法则也同样适用，在世界上许多技术先进地区，粮食生产中的能源使用效率是很低的。

Answer 4

粮食产量反映了基因类型、文化实践和作物生长环境的综合效果。
和其他环境因素导致的间接影响相比，气候、土壤、地形、和生物因素对植物的长势发挥了直接的作用。作物的脆弱性和环境条件相反，它所造成的影响不仅仅是农作物减产，收获减少，而且还在很大程度上减少了全球可耕的土地面积，并且阻止了产量多的作物开发新地区的种植。确实，环境因素在食品生产上有着任何作物投入所无法比拟的影响力。环境的多变能够引起现有技术水平所无法消除和控制的波动。因此，农业也许是经济活动中超出人类控制的一个分支。如果环境的多变性颠覆了世界上一到两个地区的事物供应，那么会导致更广范的饥荒。
尽管人类不能控制环境，他们已经做了他们所能做的一切。过度的不可再生资源的投入直接或间接的耗费着种植业。直接投入包括 化学燃料、农药、肥料、机械、灌溉用水，间接的投入包括
消耗在制造、运输、作物实验、咨询上的能源投入。这些输入的能源是光合作用产生的太阳能的补充，也被称作文化能源输入。尽管每公顷每人每小时的输出已经出乎预料的飙升， 递减法则证明，在世界上很多技术先进地区食品加工方面的能源利用效率还是很低。

Answer 5

粮食产量反映了基因，文化和环境对植物的生长和发展造成的影响。
气候，土壤，地形和生物因素等都对植物生长有着不同的作用...