Question

翻译这个谢谢~

While parents,particularly mothers,have always been attached to their infants, societal conditions frequently made this attachment diffcult to maintain. First of all,the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused,a number of societal practices developed which against early attachment of mother and child One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal attachment was tightly wrapping infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers` and fathers` affection for their infants.

Answer 1

尽管家长们，尤其是母亲们，总是与她们的小婴儿有着密不可分的关系，社会条件常常使得这种关系难以维持。首先，在前现代时期，很高的婴儿死亡率意味着这种联系通常在绝望中结束。大概是为了避免婴儿死亡所带来的悲伤，人们发展了一系列的社会性措施来组织母亲与孩子过早建立亲密关系。这些阻碍建立母子关系的前现代时期的措施只寄，就是在孩子活到第二年的时候才给他们起名字。另外一个阻碍建立母子关系的措施是把孩子们紧紧裹起来。有效的包裹阻碍了一些近距离的肢体接触，如抚摸、亲吻等，而这恰恰是很多现代的父亲母亲在表现对孩子们的喜爱时很重要的一部分。

Answer 2

虽然父母，特别是母亲，一直连接到他们的婴儿，社会条件往往难以维持这个连接。首先，高婴儿死亡率在现代的时代意味着，这些连接往往在绝望中结束。也许，以防止婴儿死亡引起的悲伤，社会发展对母亲和儿童早期依恋的做法——这些现代的依恋令人沮丧的做法之一是离开，直到他们进入第二年存活的婴儿无名。另一种做法，劝阻母亲的依恋被紧紧地包裹婴儿。包装，有效防止密切的物理相互作用，像抚摸和亲吻，与其说是一个现代母亲和父亲`感情为他们的婴儿的一部分。

Answer 3

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