贝多芬的评价（英语）
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路德维希·范·贝多芬（Ludwig van Beethoven，1770年12月17日生於德国波恩，1827年3月26日在奥地利维也纳去世），是一位集古典主义大成，开浪漫主义先河的欧洲古典音乐作曲家。贝多芬被后人尊称为乐圣。
生平
1770年 出身於德国城市波恩一个平民家庭，祖父原籍荷兰，后移居德国，曾任当地宫廷乐长。他的父亲是个男高音歌手，酗酒成性，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多芬自小就显露了音乐上的才能。他名字中的「凡」（van）并非德语中的「von」，并不代表任何贵族封号，而是显示了其家乡。「路德维希」也正是他的祖父的名字。
1774年 他的父亲为了使贝多芬成为像莫扎特一样的音乐神童，强迫年少的贝多芬学习音乐和长时间的练习钢琴。
1778年 八岁的时候就开始登台演出。
1781年 跟随乐队指挥奈弗学习巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲》和作曲。
1783年 任宫廷乐队羽管键钢琴演奏家
1787年 在维也纳与莫扎特会面。
1788年 在一支歌剧院乐队里作中提琴手
1789年 在波恩大学学习
1792年 在海顿的鼓励与支持下到奥地利首都维也纳深造，艺术上进步飞快。贝多芬信仰共和，崇尚英雄，创作了有大量充满时代气息的优秀作品
1795年 他在维也纳举行了第一次音乐会，曲目是第二钢琴协奏曲，由他本人演奏钢琴。演出获得了成功。
1796年 出现耳疾先兆
1803年 完成划时代的《第三交响曲》，并准备献给拿破仑。
1804年 拿破仑称帝，贝多芬撕去了第三交响曲上写有献给拿破仑的扉页，而写上了一句话「为纪念一位伟大的人」
1808年 同时发表了第五交响曲《命运》与第六交响曲《田园》。
1809年 完成第五钢琴协奏曲《皇帝》。
1815年11月15日，其弟卡尔去世，贝多芬成为侄子卡尔的监护人。
1815年-1819年 经历4年的创作衰竭期。他一方面受到当时欧洲封建复辟的影响，情绪低落，一方面去收集、整理欧洲各地的民歌。
1824年 完成第九交响曲并在5月7日首演，盛况空前。
1826年 侄子卡尔自杀未遂,贝多芬精神大受打击，健康日益恶化
1827年 3月26日逝世於维也纳。
1827年 3月29日两万名维也纳市民参加了他的葬礼，当局要出动军队维持秩序。
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of classical music's supreme composers, and was a seminal figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences.
Born in Bonn, Germany, he moved to Vienna, Austria, in his early twenties, and settled there, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. In his late twenties he began to lose his hearing, and yet continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life in the face of this personal disaster, even after his deafness became absolute. Unusually among his contemporaries, he worked as a freelance composer, arranging subscription concerts and being supported by a number of wealthy patrons who considered his gifts extraordinary.
Among his most widely-recognized works are his Third (Eroica), Fifth, Sixth (Pastoral) and Ninth (Choral) symphonies (the last containing the "Ode to Joy"), his Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor"), his Violin Concerto, his Pathétique, Moonlight, and Appassionata piano sonatas, and the bagatelle Für Elise.
Beethoven was born at 515 Bongasse, Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792) and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787). Beethoven was baptized on December 17, but his family and later teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on December 16.
Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn who was apparently a harsh and unpredictable teacher. Johann would often come home from a bar in the middle of the night and pull young Ludwig out of bed to play for him and his friend. Beethoven's talent was recognized at a very early age. His first important teacher was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 young Beethoven traveled to Vienna for the first time, where he may have met and played for Mozart. He was forced to return home because his mother was dying of tuberculosis. Beethoven's mother died when he was 16, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers because of his father's worsening alcoholism.
Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he first studied with Joseph Haydn in lieu of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who had died the previous year. Beethoven immediately established a reputation as a piano virtuoso. His first works with opus numbers, the three piano trios, appeared in 1795. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he supported himself through a combination of annual stipends or single gifts from members of the aristocracy, income from public performances, concerts, and lessons, and sales of his works.
Beethoven 1820 portraitBeethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.
In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight.
The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), the next seven piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and his only opera, Fidelio.
Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven died in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously his Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement). This period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.
Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller pronounced Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether".
Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28, he started to become deaf, which led him to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women; he never married. His only uncontested love affair with a known woman began in 1805 with Josephine von Brunswick; most scholars think it ended by 1807 because she could not marry a commoner without losing her children. In 1812 he wrote a long love letter to a woman only identified therein as the "Immortal Beloved." Several candidates have been suggested, but none has won universal support. Some scholars believe his period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 was caused by depression resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. He didn't publish anything during this period, but he released an enormous amount of material in 1816.
Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently treated other people badly. He moved often and had strange personal habits, such as wearing dirty clothing even as he washed compulsively. Nonetheless, he had a close and devoted circle of friends his entire life.
Many listeners perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. His last musical sketches belong to the composition of a string quintet in C Major [1].
Beethoven was often in poor health. According to one of his letters, his abdominal problems began while he was still in Bonn and thus can be dated to before 1792. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. The autopsy report indicates serious problems with his liver, gall bladder, spleen, and pancreas. There is no general agreement on the exact cause of death. Modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair cut from his head the day after he died and a piece of his skull taken from his grave in 1863, both now at the Beethoven Center in San Jose, California [2], show that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and ultimately to his death. The source (or sources) of the lead poisoning is unknown, but may have been fish, lead compounds used to sweeten wines, or pewter drinking vessels. It is unlikely that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers think was caused by an autoimmune disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The hair analyses did not detect mercury, which is consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis (syphilis was treated with mercury compounds at the time). The absence of drug metabolites suggests Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers.
Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens. He was buried in the Währinger cemetery. Twenty months later, the body of Franz Schubert was buried next to Beethoven's. In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), where they can now be found next to those of Johann Strauss I and Johannes Brahms.
生平
1770年 出身於德国城市波恩一个平民家庭，祖父原籍荷兰，后移居德国，曾任当地宫廷乐长。他的父亲是个男高音歌手，酗酒成性，母亲是宫廷御厨的女儿。贝多芬自小就显露了音乐上的才能。他名字中的「凡」（van）并非德语中的「von」，并不代表任何贵族封号，而是显示了其家乡。「路德维希」也正是他的祖父的名字。
1774年 他的父亲为了使贝多芬成为像莫扎特一样的音乐神童，强迫年少的贝多芬学习音乐和长时间的练习钢琴。
1778年 八岁的时候就开始登台演出。
1781年 跟随乐队指挥奈弗学习巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲》和作曲。
1783年 任宫廷乐队羽管键钢琴演奏家
1787年 在维也纳与莫扎特会面。
1788年 在一支歌剧院乐队里作中提琴手
1789年 在波恩大学学习
1792年 在海顿的鼓励与支持下到奥地利首都维也纳深造，艺术上进步飞快。贝多芬信仰共和，崇尚英雄，创作了有大量充满时代气息的优秀作品
1795年 他在维也纳举行了第一次音乐会，曲目是第二钢琴协奏曲，由他本人演奏钢琴。演出获得了成功。
1796年 出现耳疾先兆
1803年 完成划时代的《第三交响曲》，并准备献给拿破仑。
1804年 拿破仑称帝，贝多芬撕去了第三交响曲上写有献给拿破仑的扉页，而写上了一句话「为纪念一位伟大的人」
1808年 同时发表了第五交响曲《命运》与第六交响曲《田园》。
1809年 完成第五钢琴协奏曲《皇帝》。
1815年11月15日，其弟卡尔去世，贝多芬成为侄子卡尔的监护人。
1815年-1819年 经历4年的创作衰竭期。他一方面受到当时欧洲封建复辟的影响，情绪低落，一方面去收集、整理欧洲各地的民歌。
1824年 完成第九交响曲并在5月7日首演，盛况空前。
1826年 侄子卡尔自杀未遂,贝多芬精神大受打击，健康日益恶化
1827年 3月26日逝世於维也纳。
1827年 3月29日两万名维也纳市民参加了他的葬礼，当局要出动军队维持秩序。
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized December 17, 1770 – March 26, 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is widely regarded as one of classical music's supreme composers, and was a seminal figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in music. His reputation and genius have inspired—and in many cases intimidated—ensuing generations of composers, musicians, and audiences.
Born in Bonn, Germany, he moved to Vienna, Austria, in his early twenties, and settled there, studying with Joseph Haydn and quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. In his late twenties he began to lose his hearing, and yet continued to produce notable masterpieces throughout his life in the face of this personal disaster, even after his deafness became absolute. Unusually among his contemporaries, he worked as a freelance composer, arranging subscription concerts and being supported by a number of wealthy patrons who considered his gifts extraordinary.
Among his most widely-recognized works are his Third (Eroica), Fifth, Sixth (Pastoral) and Ninth (Choral) symphonies (the last containing the "Ode to Joy"), his Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor"), his Violin Concerto, his Pathétique, Moonlight, and Appassionata piano sonatas, and the bagatelle Für Elise.
Beethoven was born at 515 Bongasse, Bonn, Germany, to Johann van Beethoven (1740–1792) and Magdalena Keverich van Beethoven (1744–1787). Beethoven was baptized on December 17, but his family and later teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on December 16.
Beethoven's first music teacher was his father, a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn who was apparently a harsh and unpredictable teacher. Johann would often come home from a bar in the middle of the night and pull young Ludwig out of bed to play for him and his friend. Beethoven's talent was recognized at a very early age. His first important teacher was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 young Beethoven traveled to Vienna for the first time, where he may have met and played for Mozart. He was forced to return home because his mother was dying of tuberculosis. Beethoven's mother died when he was 16, and for several years he was responsible for raising his two younger brothers because of his father's worsening alcoholism.
Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he first studied with Joseph Haydn in lieu of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who had died the previous year. Beethoven immediately established a reputation as a piano virtuoso. His first works with opus numbers, the three piano trios, appeared in 1795. He settled into the career pattern he would follow for the remainder of his life: rather than working for the church or a noble court (as most composers before him had done), he supported himself through a combination of annual stipends or single gifts from members of the aristocracy, income from public performances, concerts, and lessons, and sales of his works.
Beethoven 1820 portraitBeethoven's career as a composer is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods.
In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart while concurrently exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work. Some important pieces from the Early period are the first and second symphonies, the first six string quartets, the first two piano concertos, and the first twenty piano sonatas, including the famous Pathétique and Moonlight.
The Middle period began shortly after Beethoven's personal crisis centering around deafness. The period is noted for large-scale works expressing heroism and struggle; these include many of the most famous works of classical music. Middle period works include six symphonies (Nos. 3–8), the last three piano concertos, triple concerto and his only violin concerto, five string quartets (Nos. 7–11), the next seven piano sonatas including the Waldstein, and Appassionata, and his only opera, Fidelio.
Beethoven's Late period began around 1816 and lasted until Beethoven died in 1827. The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously his Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement). This period includes the Missa Solemnis, the last five string quartets and the last five piano sonatas.
Considering the depth and extent of Beethoven's artistic explorations, as well as the composer's success in making himself comprehensible to the widest possible audience, the Austrian-born British musician and writer Hans Keller pronounced Beethoven "humanity's greatest mind altogether".
Beethoven's personal life was troubled. Around age 28, he started to become deaf, which led him to contemplate suicide (see the 1802 Heiligenstadt Testament). He was attracted to unattainable (married or aristocratic) women; he never married. His only uncontested love affair with a known woman began in 1805 with Josephine von Brunswick; most scholars think it ended by 1807 because she could not marry a commoner without losing her children. In 1812 he wrote a long love letter to a woman only identified therein as the "Immortal Beloved." Several candidates have been suggested, but none has won universal support. Some scholars believe his period of low productivity from about 1812 to 1816 was caused by depression resulting from Beethoven's realization that he would never marry. He didn't publish anything during this period, but he released an enormous amount of material in 1816.
Beethoven quarrelled, often bitterly, with his relatives and others (including a painful and public custody battle over his nephew Karl); he frequently treated other people badly. He moved often and had strange personal habits, such as wearing dirty clothing even as he washed compulsively. Nonetheless, he had a close and devoted circle of friends his entire life.
Many listeners perceive an echo of Beethoven's life in his music, which often depicts struggle followed by triumph. This description is often applied to Beethoven's creation of masterpieces in the face of his severe personal difficulties. His last musical sketches belong to the composition of a string quintet in C Major [1].
Beethoven was often in poor health. According to one of his letters, his abdominal problems began while he was still in Bonn and thus can be dated to before 1792. In 1826 his health took a drastic turn for the worse. The autopsy report indicates serious problems with his liver, gall bladder, spleen, and pancreas. There is no general agreement on the exact cause of death. Modern research on a lock of Beethoven's hair cut from his head the day after he died and a piece of his skull taken from his grave in 1863, both now at the Beethoven Center in San Jose, California [2], show that lead poisoning could well have contributed to his ill-health and ultimately to his death. The source (or sources) of the lead poisoning is unknown, but may have been fish, lead compounds used to sweeten wines, or pewter drinking vessels. It is unlikely that lead poisoning was the cause of his deafness, which several researchers think was caused by an autoimmune disorder such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The hair analyses did not detect mercury, which is consistent with the view that Beethoven did not have syphilis (syphilis was treated with mercury compounds at the time). The absence of drug metabolites suggests Beethoven avoided opiate painkillers.
Beethoven died on 26 March 1827, after a long illness, in the midst of a fierce thunderstorm, and legend has it that the dying man shook his fists in defiance of the heavens. He was buried in the Währinger cemetery. Twenty months later, the body of Franz Schubert was buried next to Beethoven's. In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), where they can now be found next to those of Johann Strauss I and Johannes Brahms.
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Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in Bonn, a small town in Gernmany. He was an outstanding composer in his time. He had difficulty in hearing at an early age and became totally deaf later in life. However, he was able to complete some of the greatest music including his nine symphonies. He is new generally regarded as the leading composer of all time. He died in 1827.
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