Question

求翻译，时间紧迫，多谢多谢！

1. Introduction
Conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of
materials which exhibits increase in the conductivity with
the increase in dopant concentration. Polyaniline,
commonly known as PANI, demonstrates a unique feature
in the sense that it is not charge conjugation symmetric, i.e.
the valence and conduction bands are asymmetric to a great
extent. Consequently, the energy level positions of doping-
induced [1,2] and photo-induced [3] absorptions differ
widely from those of the charge conjugation symmetric
polymers [4]. The solubility of polyaniline renders it proces-
sible in the conducting form [5] which is stable both thermally
and environmentally. When protonated with conventional
protonic acid [6], it exhibits relatively high conductivity and
it can be processedin both the insulating emeraldine base form
[7] as well as in the conducting emeraldine salt form [8]. A
remarkablepropertythatthisfamilyofpolyanilinepossessesis
theinsulatortometaltransitionasafunctionofprotonation[2].
Studies in the aspects of temperature and composition beha-
viour and the transport mechanism have generated a soaring
interest among various groups of investigators. The last few
years have seen quite good number of studies on conductivity
[9±14], magnetic susceptibility and spin dynamics measure-
ments [13,16] of these polymers (PANI) with the goal of a
thorough understanding of the electronic transport properties
of PANI protonated with HCl. Still the controversy over de?n-
ing the intrinsic metallic state of PANI and also the one [16] or
three-dimensional [13,14] nature of this metallic states is not
yet fully resolved. No decisive conclusion could yet be made
over the applicability of the variable range hopping (VRH)
[13,14] or granular models [15] to explain the transport
mechanism. Most of the studies are still con?ned to the trans-
port properties of the heavily protonated emeraldine salt mate-
rials upto a temperature of 20 K. The intrinsic metallic state
and also its dimensionality can be determined from the low
temperature conductivity values. In this work, emphasis was
given on making an extensive study on the transport properties
at low temperatures.
In the present paper, we have reported the detailed experi-
mental study of conductivity of HCl doped polyaniline in
presence as well as in absence of magnetic ?eld in the
temperature range of 1:8 K # T # 300 K: From the electrical
conductivity measurements we have calculated the hopping
distance (R), density of states ?N?EF?? and molecular vibra-tional frequency (g0) etc. From the magnetoconductance study, localization length (Lloc) has been determined.

Answer 1

1. Introduction
Conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of
materials which exhibits increase in the conductivity with
the increase in dopant concentration. Polyaniline,
commonly known as PANI, demonstrates a unique feature
in the sense that it is not charge conjugation symmetric, i.e.
the valence and conduction bands are asymmetric to a great
extent. Consequently, the energy level positions of doping-
induced [1,2] and photo-induced [3] absorptions differ
widely from those of the charge conjugation symmetric
polymers [4]. The solubility of polyaniline renders it proces-
sible in the conducting form [5] which is stable both thermally
and environmentally. When protonated with conventional
protonic acid [6], it exhibits relatively high conductivity and
it can be processedin both the insulating emeraldine base form
[7] as well as in the conducting emeraldine salt form [8]. A
remarkablepropertythatthisfamilyofpolyanilinepossessesis
theinsulatortometaltransitionasafunctionofprotonation[2].
Studies in the aspects of temperature and composition beha-
viour and the transport mechanism have generated a soaring
interest among various groups of investigators. The last few
years have seen quite good number of studies on conductivity
[9±14], magnetic susceptibility and spin dynamics measure-
ments [13,16] of these polymers (PANI) with the goal of a
thorough understanding of the electronic transport properties
of PANI protonated with HCl. Still the controversy over de?n-
ing the intrinsic metallic state of PANI and also the one [16] or
three-dimensional [13,14] nature of this metallic states is not
yet fully resolved. No decisive conclusion could yet be made
over the applicability of the variable range hopping (VRH)
[13,14] or granular models [15] to explain the transport
mechanism. Most of the studies are still con?ned to the trans-
port properties of the heavily protonated emeraldine salt mate-
rials upto a temperature of 20 K. The intrinsic metallic state
and also its dimensionality can be determined from the low
temperature conductivity values. In this work, emphasis was
given on making an extensive study on the transport properties
at low temperatures.
In the present paper, we have reported the detailed experi-
mental study of conductivity of HCl doped polyaniline in
presence as well as in absence of magnetic ?eld in the
temperature range of 1:8 K # T # 300 K: From the electrical
conductivity measurements we have calculated the hopping
distance (R), density of states ?N?EF?? and molecular vibra-tional frequency (g0) etc. From the magnetoconductance study, localization length (Lloc) has been determined.

Answer 2

1. 介绍
举办的聚合物构成涌现的类
陈列在传导性的增量的材料
在掺杂物集中的增量。 Polyaniline,
共同地通认作为PANI, 展示一个独特的特点
在感觉, 这不是充电结合相称, i.e 。

Answer 3

http://tran.httpcn.com/
这个翻译网站不错的。。

Answer 4

偶帮你弄好咯```还不错吧```

-------------------------------------------------

1. 介绍
举办的聚合物构成涌现的类
陈列在传导性的增量的材料
在掺杂物集中的增量。 Polyaniline,
共同地通认作为PANI, 展示一个独特的特点
在感觉, 这不是充电结合相称, i.e 。
化学价和传导带是不对称对伟大
程度。 结果, 掺杂的能级位置
导致的[ 1,2 ] 并且相片导致的[ 3 ] 吸收不同
广泛从那些充电结合相称
聚合物[ 4 ] 。 polyaniline 的可溶性回报它proces-
sible 以热量地是稳定的两个的举办的形式[ 5 ]
并且环境。 当protonated 与常规
protonic 酸[ 6 ], 它陈列相对地高传导性和
这可能是processedin 两个绝缘的emeraldine 基本形式
[ 7 ] 并且以举办的emeraldine 盐形式[ 8 ] 。 A
remarkablepropertythatthisfamilyofpolyanilinepossessesis
theinsulatortometaltransitionasafunctionofprotonation[2 ] 。
研究在温度和构成beha- 的方面
viour 和运输机制引起了一腾飞
兴趣在各种各样的小组调查员之中。 最后几个
几年看了相当研究的好数字关于传导性的
[ 9.2A14 ], 磁性感受性和旋转动力学措施
ments [ 13,16 ] 这些聚合物(PANI) 以a 的目标
对电子运输物产的详尽的理解
PANI protonated 与HCl 。 仍然关于de 的争论?n-
ing 内在金属状态PANI 和并且那个[ 16 ] 或
三维[ 13,14 ] 本质的这金属状态不是
充分地解决。 果断结论不能被做
在易变的范围hopping 的适用性(VRH)
[ 13,14 ] 或颗粒状模型[ 15 ] 解释运输
机制。 大多研究是仍然精读?ned 对trans-
港物产沉重protonated emeraldine 盐伙伴
里亚尔温度20 K 。 内在金属状态
并且它的幅员可能并且是坚定的从低落
温度传导性价值。 在这工作, 重点是
给在进行广泛的研究在运输物产
在低温。
在本论文, 我们报告了详细的experi-
HCl 传导性的精神研究掺杂了polyaniline
存在并且在缺乏磁性?eld 在
温度范围的1:8 K # T # 300 K: 从电子
传导性测量我们计算了hopping
距离(r), 密度状态?N?EF?? 并且分子振动频率(g0) 等。 从magnetoconductance 研究, 地方化长度(Lloc) 被确定了