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Dmitri Mendeleev
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dimitri Mendeleev (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев, Dimitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev listen (help·info)) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. ] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
Life
Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, Russia on February 8, 1834,[1] to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (born Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a Russian priest. Ivan, along with his brothers, obtained new family names while attending Tver theological seminary.[2]
Mendeleev was the youngest child of 17 siblings.[1] At the age of 13,[citation needed] after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.
In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family relocated to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After he graduated, an illness that was diagnosed as tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became chief science master of the Simferopol gymnasium №1. He returned with fully restored health to St. Petersburg in 1857.
Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. In late August of 1861 he wrote his first book on the spectroscope in which it received high acclaim. In 1862, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva. Mendeleev became Professor of Chemistry at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and the University of St. Petersburg in 1863 he achieved tenure in 1867, and by 1871 had transformed St. Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation "On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol". In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least 7 years before lawful re-marriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable Eastern journey of Nicholas II) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and a pair of twins from Anna.
Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London, he resigned from St. Petersburg University on August 17, 1890.
In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was in this role that he was directed to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka. His fascination with molecular weights led him to conclude that to be in perfect molecular balance, vodka should be produced in the ratio of one molecule of ethyl alcohol diluted with five molecules of water, giving a dilution by volume of approximately 38% alcohol to 62% water. As a result of his work, in 1894 new standards for vodka were introduced into Russian law and all vodka had to be produced at 40% alcohol by volume.
Mendeleev also investigated the composition of oil fields, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia.
Mendeleev died in 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia from influenza. The Mendeleev crater on the Moon, as well as element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, are named after him.
Periodic table
One form of Mendeleev's periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)
One form of Mendeleev's periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)
Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia
Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia
After becoming a teacher, he wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to create his Periodic Table.
Unknown to Mendeleev, several other scientists had also been working on their own tables of elements. One was John Newlands, who published his Law of Octaves in 1865. However, the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticised and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Like Newlands, Meyer did not seem to have the idea of using a table to predict new elements. In contrast to Newlands' methodical approach to creating a table, Mendeleev's was almost accidental and emerged gradually.
As a better understanding of atomic mass was developed and better data became available, Mendeleev made for himself the following table:
Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40
Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 88
I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137
By adding additional elements following this pattern, he developed his version of the periodic table.
On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both weight and valence. This presentation stated that
1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
2. Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
3. The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements–for example, two elements, analogous to aluminium and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.
7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev was wrong as the atomic mass of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9).
8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.
Only a few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements (and predicted several new elements to complete the table), Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some people consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table, although most agree that Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called ekasilicon (germanium), ekaaluminium (gallium) and ekaboron (scandium) qualifies him for deserving the majority of the credit for studies.
As others before him had done, he questioned the accuracy of accepted atomic weights, pointing out that they did not correspond to those predicted by the Periodic Law. He noted that tellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine, but he placed them in the correct order, assuming that the accepted atomic weights at the time were incorrect. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table, the actinides, which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass.
Initially, Mendeleev was derided for there being gaps in the table. Ultimately though, he was vindicated when previously unknown elements (notably scandium, gallium and germanium) were discovered that filled in these holes and possessed properties (atomic weight, density, melting point, etc.) close to what Mendeleev predicted.[3]
Henry Moseley would later help put the periodic table on the correct basis of atom number rather than atomic weight.
Other achievements
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev has characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy." Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.
In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium.
Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions.
Mendeleev Medal
Mendeleev Medal
In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while as far back as 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.
Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.
He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.
Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded that hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth. He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin." (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877)[4]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dimitri Mendeleev (Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев, Dimitriy Ivanovich Mendeleyev listen (help·info)) (8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 in Tobolsk – 2 February [O.S. ] 1907 in Saint Petersburg), was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table, Mendeleev predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
Life
Dmitri Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, Russia on February 8, 1834,[1] to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (born Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a Russian priest. Ivan, along with his brothers, obtained new family names while attending Tver theological seminary.[2]
Mendeleev was the youngest child of 17 siblings.[1] At the age of 13,[citation needed] after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.
In 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family relocated to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After he graduated, an illness that was diagnosed as tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became chief science master of the Simferopol gymnasium №1. He returned with fully restored health to St. Petersburg in 1857.
Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. In late August of 1861 he wrote his first book on the spectroscope in which it received high acclaim. In 1862, he married Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva. Mendeleev became Professor of Chemistry at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and the University of St. Petersburg in 1863 he achieved tenure in 1867, and by 1871 had transformed St. Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation "On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol". In 1876, he became obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least 7 years before lawful re-marriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable Eastern journey of Nicholas II) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and a pair of twins from Anna.
Though Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London, he resigned from St. Petersburg University on August 17, 1890.
In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was in this role that he was directed to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka. His fascination with molecular weights led him to conclude that to be in perfect molecular balance, vodka should be produced in the ratio of one molecule of ethyl alcohol diluted with five molecules of water, giving a dilution by volume of approximately 38% alcohol to 62% water. As a result of his work, in 1894 new standards for vodka were introduced into Russian law and all vodka had to be produced at 40% alcohol by volume.
Mendeleev also investigated the composition of oil fields, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia.
Mendeleev died in 1907 in St. Petersburg, Russia from influenza. The Mendeleev crater on the Moon, as well as element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, are named after him.
Periodic table
One form of Mendeleev's periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)
One form of Mendeleev's periodic table, from the 1st English edition of his textbook (1891, based on the Russian 5th edition)
Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia
Sculpture in honor of Mendeleev and the periodic table, located in Bratislava, Slovakia
After becoming a teacher, he wrote the definitive two-volume textbook at that time: Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870). As he attempted to classify the elements according to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him to create his Periodic Table.
Unknown to Mendeleev, several other scientists had also been working on their own tables of elements. One was John Newlands, who published his Law of Octaves in 1865. However, the lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticised and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Like Newlands, Meyer did not seem to have the idea of using a table to predict new elements. In contrast to Newlands' methodical approach to creating a table, Mendeleev's was almost accidental and emerged gradually.
As a better understanding of atomic mass was developed and better data became available, Mendeleev made for himself the following table:
Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40
Br 80 Rb 85 Sr 88
I 127 Cs 133 Ba 137
By adding additional elements following this pattern, he developed his version of the periodic table.
On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev made a formal presentation to the Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, which described elements according to both weight and valence. This presentation stated that
1. The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
2. Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
3. The arrangement of the elements in groups of elements in the order of their atomic weights corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
4. The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
5. The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
6. We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements–for example, two elements, analogous to aluminium and silicon, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.
7. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. Here Mendeleev was wrong as the atomic mass of tellurium (127.6) remains higher than that of iodine (126.9).
8. Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic weights.
Only a few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of all known elements (and predicted several new elements to complete the table), Meyer published a virtually identical table. Some people consider Meyer and Mendeleev the co-creators of the periodic table, although most agree that Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of what he called ekasilicon (germanium), ekaaluminium (gallium) and ekaboron (scandium) qualifies him for deserving the majority of the credit for studies.
As others before him had done, he questioned the accuracy of accepted atomic weights, pointing out that they did not correspond to those predicted by the Periodic Law. He noted that tellurium has a higher atomic weight than iodine, but he placed them in the correct order, assuming that the accepted atomic weights at the time were incorrect. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table, the actinides, which were some of the heaviest in atomic mass.
Initially, Mendeleev was derided for there being gaps in the table. Ultimately though, he was vindicated when previously unknown elements (notably scandium, gallium and germanium) were discovered that filled in these holes and possessed properties (atomic weight, density, melting point, etc.) close to what Mendeleev predicted.[3]
Henry Moseley would later help put the periodic table on the correct basis of atom number rather than atomic weight.
Other achievements
Mendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev has characterized him as "a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy." Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture.
In an attempt at a chemical conception of the Aether, he put forward a hypothesis that there existed two inert chemical elements of lesser atomic weight than hydrogen. Of these two proposed elements, he thought the lighter to be an all-penetrating, all-pervasive gas, and the slightly heavier one to be a proposed element, coronium.
Mendeleev devoted much study and made important contributions to the determination of the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions.
Mendeleev Medal
Mendeleev Medal
In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while as far back as 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume.
Mendeleev is given credit for the introduction of the metric system to the Russian Empire.
He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture.
Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded that hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth. He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin." (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877)[4]
参考资料： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev
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我在美国的两个图书馆网站里找了2篇他的介绍，你根据情况选一篇吧
第一篇：
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907) was born in Tobolsk, Russia. Mendeleyev trained as a teacher, and went on to study at Odessa, St Petersburg and Heidelberg universities, before becoming professor of chemistry at St Petersburg in 1866. He formulated the first periodic table of elements, grouping the elements according to their atomic structure and chemical properties. His work enabled chemists to identify 'families' of elements with similar chemical and physical properties and has influenced ideas in organic chemistry ever since. In 1955 a new element (no 101) was named mendelevium (Md) in his honour.
---------
第二篇：
Mendeleyev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834-1907)
Russian chemist who framed the periodic law in chemistry 1869, which states that the chemical properties of the elements depend on their relative atomic masses. This law is the basis of the periodic table of the elements, in which the elements are arranged by atomic number and organized by their related groups.
Mendeleyev was the first chemist to understand that all elements are related members of a single ordered system. From his table he predicted the properties of elements then unknown, of which three (gallium, scandium, and germanium) were discovered in his lifetime. Meanwhile Lothar Meyer in Germany presented a similar but independent classification of the elements.
Mendeleyev was born in Tobol'sk, Siberia, and studied at St Petersburg and in Germany at Heidelberg. He became professor at the Technical Institute in St Petersburg 1864. But in 1890, for supporting a student rebellion, he was retired from the university and became controller of the Bureau for Weights and Measures.
Mendeleyev was convinced that the future held great possibilities for human flight, and in 1887 he made an ascent in a balloon to observe an eclipse of the Sun.
His textbook Principles of Chemistry 1868-70 was widely adopted.
第一篇：
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907) was born in Tobolsk, Russia. Mendeleyev trained as a teacher, and went on to study at Odessa, St Petersburg and Heidelberg universities, before becoming professor of chemistry at St Petersburg in 1866. He formulated the first periodic table of elements, grouping the elements according to their atomic structure and chemical properties. His work enabled chemists to identify 'families' of elements with similar chemical and physical properties and has influenced ideas in organic chemistry ever since. In 1955 a new element (no 101) was named mendelevium (Md) in his honour.
---------
第二篇：
Mendeleyev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834-1907)
Russian chemist who framed the periodic law in chemistry 1869, which states that the chemical properties of the elements depend on their relative atomic masses. This law is the basis of the periodic table of the elements, in which the elements are arranged by atomic number and organized by their related groups.
Mendeleyev was the first chemist to understand that all elements are related members of a single ordered system. From his table he predicted the properties of elements then unknown, of which three (gallium, scandium, and germanium) were discovered in his lifetime. Meanwhile Lothar Meyer in Germany presented a similar but independent classification of the elements.
Mendeleyev was born in Tobol'sk, Siberia, and studied at St Petersburg and in Germany at Heidelberg. He became professor at the Technical Institute in St Petersburg 1864. But in 1890, for supporting a student rebellion, he was retired from the university and became controller of the Bureau for Weights and Measures.
Mendeleyev was convinced that the future held great possibilities for human flight, and in 1887 he made an ascent in a balloon to observe an eclipse of the Sun.
His textbook Principles of Chemistry 1868-70 was widely adopted.
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A New Vision of the Periodic Table of the Elements
The matter in the world about us is almost entirely made from 83 elements, which differ from each other by the positive electric charge on their central nucleus and hence the number of electrons they are able to attract. Another 10 elements exist in trace quantities as unstable products of the radioactive breakdown of the two heaviest elements, and another 20 elements have been made in the laboratory.
Chemists discovered in the 1860s that if the elements are arranged in the order of the mass of their atoms (or as later realized, the charge on their nucleus), chemical characteristics recur regularly. Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1869 published his Periodic Table, in which he arranged the elements then known in rows and columns to show this regularity, forecasting the discovery of missing elements. This was a convenient way to present the information, but he recognized that it did not fully represent the overall pattern because it broke up the sequence. He thought the ideal would be a cylindrical helix, but that needs three dimensions.
The matter in the world about us is almost entirely made from 83 elements, which differ from each other by the positive electric charge on their central nucleus and hence the number of electrons they are able to attract. Another 10 elements exist in trace quantities as unstable products of the radioactive breakdown of the two heaviest elements, and another 20 elements have been made in the laboratory.
Chemists discovered in the 1860s that if the elements are arranged in the order of the mass of their atoms (or as later realized, the charge on their nucleus), chemical characteristics recur regularly. Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1869 published his Periodic Table, in which he arranged the elements then known in rows and columns to show this regularity, forecasting the discovery of missing elements. This was a convenient way to present the information, but he recognized that it did not fully represent the overall pattern because it broke up the sequence. He thought the ideal would be a cylindrical helix, but that needs three dimensions.
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没有中英混合版的.
但是随时遇到一个不认识的元素.
你多可以上网查他的意思和中英文.
希望我的答案可以帮到你~
欢迎追问~
但是随时遇到一个不认识的元素.
你多可以上网查他的意思和中英文.
希望我的答案可以帮到你~
欢迎追问~
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Nice Person!
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