Question

知识讲解：2016考研英语语法指导——如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与同位语从句

Answer 1

下面是摘自朱振斌编的《高中英语语法通霸》，希望能解决你的问题。

　　 同位语从句和定语从句
第一部分：考点精讲精练

例题：
He told me the news this morning ______ his father had come back.
A. which B. that C. which or that
答案是B。那么A为什么不可以呢？
要弄明白这个问题，就要搞清楚定语从句和同位语从句的区别。同位语从句和定语从句很相似，但还是有区别的，区别主要在以下三方面：
A. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词；而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:
① We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）
② Word came that he had been abroad.
据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）
③ Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们队赢了,这让我们很高兴。（定语从句）
B. 从性质上区别
定语从句对其先行词起修饰或限制作用，功能上相当于形容词；而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释，是名词的具体内容，属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
① The news that our team has won the game was true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
（同位语从句，说明news到底是一个什么消息）
② The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
（定语从句, 指他告诉我的消息）
③ I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有。
（同位语从句,补充说明promise的内容）
④ The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。
（定语从句, promise在从句中作pleased的主语）
C. 引导词上的区别
i. 引导词that
引导词that引导定语从句时，作从句的一个成分，有时可用which替换，作宾语时常常省略；而that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。
例：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。
① The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我们应派几个人去帮别的小组的命令昨天收到了。
② The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。
解析：
①是同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，that虽不作成分，不能换为which, 也不能省略。
②是定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以换为which，也可以省略。
ii. how, whether, what虽不能引导定语从句，却可引导同位语从句；who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引导定语从句外，也可引导同位语从句。（参看P. 124第1讲）
iii. 定语从句的引导词反映的是先行词的意思，而同位语从句的引导词在意思上和前面的词没有联系。
① The reason that he gave for his coming late was not true.
② The reason that his alarm clock was broken was not true.
在①中，that的意思是reason, 在定语从句中作give的宾语。在②句中，that只起连接作用，不含有the reason的意思。
iv. 在定语从句中，关系副词可以换为“介词+关系代词”，而引导同位语从句的连接副词却不能换为“介词+连接代词”的形式。
① The suggestion where he stressed the importance of exercising was very practical.
② The suggestion where we should exercise regularly is very practical.
在上面的句①中，where可以换为in which；在句②中，where不能换为in which。
例：判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。
① That question whether we need it has not been considered.
② I have no idea what has happened to him.
③ I haven’t answered the question how I will deal with it.
④ The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city.
⑤ The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.
解析：①、②、③是同位语从句，它们是在说明前面词的内容, whether, what和how不能引导定语从句。
④是定语从句，where反映的是先行词的意思，可以换为in which。
⑤是同位语从句。从句是在说明decision的内容。when并没有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改为 at which time。
练习
1. The news ______ he has been elected president of the United States is true.
A. that B which C. what D. where
2. The news ______ you told me yesterday is true.
A. that B when C. what D. where
3. 【2006重庆】Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
4. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
5. Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
6. Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
7. 【2006安徽】A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
8. 【2004上海】A story goes ______ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
9. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
10. 【2009浙江】—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport ?
—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
11. Three days later, word came ______ our country had sent up another man-made satellite.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
12. 【2009重庆】We should consider the students’ request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where

第二部分：综合能力提升

I. 改错（每题只有一个错误）
13. 【2007天津】However, I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn’t take my bad grades as a judgement of my abilities, but simply as an indication how I should study harder. how改为that
14. 【2007全国Ⅱ】My school is organizing a basketball team and there' s just a chance which I can join it. （which改为that）
II. 语法填空（每空之多填三词）
15. He made a decision ______ he had to work hard from then on. that
16. He made a decision ______ annoyed his parents. that/ which
17. 【2009四川】News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. that
III. 写作技能提升
18. 我已经自己许下承诺，毕业前我再也不玩电脑了。（make a promise to, graduation）
19. 当消息传来不久你就将回国，我们真的很难过。(sad, word came )
20. 有谚语说“熟能生巧”，因此如果你想学好英语，你必须在它上面多花费时间。（a saying goes that）
21. 我相信如果你尽力而为，有很大的可能性你最后会成功的。（a great chance）