Question

英语高手进

There was even a cartoon showing the president refusing to shoot a cute bear.
show和refuse为什么用ing

Answer 1

这里涉及到的是定语从句的简化概念 .简化为 分词短语,而到底是现在分词(也就是ING形式)还是过去分词要根据 被修饰的那个词(或者从句里的关系代词)是作主动还是被动.

1 首先来看做主动的情况,也就是简化为现在分词ing形式

关系代词所引导的定语从句为限制性修饰（关系代词前无逗号），且该关系代词在从句中为主语时，可将从句简化为分词短语，方法如下：
第一步：删除关系代词；
第二步：将关系代词后的动词变为现在分词；
第三步：若动词是be动词，变成分词being后省略。
eg. The girl who lives next to my house is my classmate.
=The girl living next to my house is my classmate.
John is a young boy who is full of energy.
= John is a young boy (这里的being 是被省略的)full of energy.
(可以看出,提问者给的句子里的两处简化都是属于此种情况---即简化为 现在分词ing的形式
这是为什么呢?我们在带入作详细分析:
第一处 a cartoon 一部卡通片showing讲述的是一个...这里cartoon是作为show的主动关系,所以就是which was showing 然后省略which was而得到了showing,,
第二处. 讲述的是一个总统 怎样的总统呢>? 一个拒绝射击小熊的总统,所以这里的定语从句时the president who refused to shoot a cute bear 而president 与refuse的关系很好判断,不是总统被拒绝何时总统自己主动拒绝,所以去掉who 将关系代词who后面的动词refused变成现在分词refusing 而得到了president refusing to shoot a cute bear

2 再看看做被动的情况,也就是简化为过去分词的形式

如果被修饰词与后面 修饰它的从句为被动的逻辑关系 如(被修饰的)book 被作者写,后面的从句省去which was之后就接的是written (被修饰的)car 被人开 后面的从句省去which was之后是driven
Have you ever read the book which was written by that author ?
=Have you ever been read the book written by that author ?

This is the car which was driven by my brother in the race.
= This is the car driven by my brother in the race .

Answer 2

There was even a cartoon showing the president refusing to shoot a cute bear.
=There was even a cartoon which was showing the president who was refusing to shoot a cute bear.
showing和refusing是两个现在分词短语用作定语，分别修饰名词cartoon和president 。
祝你学习进步！

Answer 3

cartoon，president 均为形容词，形容词后不能直接跟动词，故用他们的名词形式