英汉两种语言的十大区别
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英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,其思维方式和表达习惯可以说千差万别。了解这些差别,有助于我们对英语语法规则的理解,同时可以帮助我们在做阅读理解时看懂长难句,做翻译时理清句子结构。下面是对英汉两种语言差别的总结,大家认真推敲每个例句(可以作为翻译练习),仔细体会一下两种语言的差别,增强英语语感。
一、英语重结构,汉语重语意
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治
的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,〈〈王力文集〉〉第一卷,第35页,山东教育出版社,1984年)
我们看一看下面的例子:
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001年第72题)
二、英语多长句,汉语多短句
由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放
在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因,英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (1999 年第72题)
三、英语多从句,汉语多分句
英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从
句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其他从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。
例如:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(1992年第75题)
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
四、英语多代词,汉语多名词
英语不仅有we, you, he, they等人称代词,而且还有that, which 之类的关系代词和what, who 之类的疑问代词。在长而复杂的句子里,为了使句子结构正确,语意清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散,句子相对较短,因此一般不使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语意更加清楚。
请看下面的例句:
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001年第71题)
此外,许多翻译题中代词的指代对象往往不在划线部分,再这种情况下,代词更应该翻译成名词。
例如:They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they
一、英语重结构,汉语重语意
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治
的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,〈〈王力文集〉〉第一卷,第35页,山东教育出版社,1984年)
我们看一看下面的例子:
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001年第72题)
二、英语多长句,汉语多短句
由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放
在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因,英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (1999 年第72题)
三、英语多从句,汉语多分句
英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从
句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其他从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。
例如:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(1992年第75题)
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
四、英语多代词,汉语多名词
英语不仅有we, you, he, they等人称代词,而且还有that, which 之类的关系代词和what, who 之类的疑问代词。在长而复杂的句子里,为了使句子结构正确,语意清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散,句子相对较短,因此一般不使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语意更加清楚。
请看下面的例句:
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001年第71题)
此外,许多翻译题中代词的指代对象往往不在划线部分,再这种情况下,代词更应该翻译成名词。
例如:They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they
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