Question

悬赏帮忙翻译全文（在线等）

The concept of culture has been defined many times, and although no definition has achieved universal acceptance, most of the definitions include three central ideas: that culture is passed n from generation to generation, that a culture represents a ready-made prescription for living and for making day-to-day decisions, and, finally, that the components of a culture are accepted by those in the culture as good, and true, and not to be questioned. The eminent anthropologist George Murdock has listed seventy-three items that characterize every known culture, past and present. The list begins with Age-grading and Athletic sports, runs to Weaning and Weather Control, and includes on the way such items as Calendar, Firemaking, Property Rights, and Toolmaking. I would submit that even the most extreme advocate of a culture of poverty viewpoint would readily acknowledge that, with respect to almost all of these items, every American, beyond the first generation immigrant, regardless of race or class, is a member of a common culture. We all share pretty much the same sports. Maybe poor kids don''t know how to play polo, and rich kids don''t spend time with stickball, but we all know baseball, and football, and basketball. Despite some misguided efforts to raise minor dialects to the status of separate tongues, we all, in fact, share the same language. There may be differences in diction and usage, but it would be ridiculous to say that all Americans don''t speak English. We have the calendar, the law, and large numbers of other cultural items in common. It may well be true that on a few of the seventy-three items there are minor variations between classes, but these kinds of things are really slight variations on a common theme. There are other items that show variability, not in relation to class, but in relation to religion and ethnic background-funeral customs and cooking, for example. But if there is one place in America where the melting pot is a reality, it is on the kitchen stove; in the course of one month, half the readers of this sentence have probably eaten pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein. Specific differences that might be identified a signs of separate cultural identity are relatively insignificant within the general unity of American life; they are cultural commas and semicolons in the paragraphs and pages of American life.

Answer 1

文化的概念已经确定了很多次，虽然没有定义，取得了普遍的接受，大多数定义包括三个中央的想法：认为，文化是通过N的一代又一代，在某文化就是一个现成的取得处方生活和为使日常的决策，最后，组成一个文化，是由那些在文化为善，与事实不符，并没有受到质疑。著名人类学家乔治默多克已列出73项特点所有的已知的文化，历史和今天。名单中，首先按年龄分级和竞技体育，违背了以断奶和天气控制，也包括对未来路向等项目的日历， firemaking ，产权交易和模具生产。我认为，即使是最极端的主张一个贫困文化观点会毫不迟疑地承认，针对几乎所有这些项目，每一个美国人，超越了第一代的移民，不论其种族或阶层的一员，共同文化。大家都有同感，漂亮得多，同时体育活动。也许穷人的孩子don''t知道如何玩水球，富孩子don''t花时间同stickball的，但我们都知道，棒球，足球，篮球等。尽管出现了一些误导作用，努力提高未成年人的方言，以现况的舌头分开，我们都，事实上，有着相同的语言。可能会有差异，在用词和用法，但就这样荒谬地说，所有美国人don''t讲英语。我们有日历，法律，而大量的其他文化项目的共通之处。这或许是真的，就一小部分73项，有一些小的变异之间的班，但这样的东西是真的略有变化对一个共同主题。还有其他一些项目显示变异，而不是在上课，但有关宗教和种族背景-丧葬习俗和做饭，为的例子。但如果有一个地方，在那里，美国大熔炉，是一个现实的，那就是厨房的炉灶;在这个过程中的一个月，有一半的读者的这句话大概吃比萨饼，热pastrami ，及周面。具体差异可能被认定标志的单独文化认同是相对于其内部的大团结大的美国生活方式，他们是文化逗号和分号，在段落和页面的美国生活。