我需要英语中所有语态,(如主语,宾语,谓语,.........)越多越好,含义,例句,和系动词,时间状语,
上面的含义越深入越好。
先是80分
好的再追加20
那个资料整理一下再发,最好是权威人士,谢谢 展开
主将从现是指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句和让步状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。
常见的有以下四种情况:
一、时间状语从句的主句是一般将来时,那么从句常常用一般现在时。
如: When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients.
我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。
二、如果主句是祈使句,那么从句通常要用一般现在时
如:Don’t laugh at me when I make a mistake.
我犯错误的时候不要笑话我。
三、如果主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时,根据需要从句多用一般现在时
如:You should be quiet when you are in the reading room
在阅览室时应保持安静。
四、 如果if的条件状语从句遇到变换间接和直接时 , 祈使句应用not to....
如; She said not to close the window
常见的时间状语从句的连词有:as soon as,when,while ,as,until等
主将从现说的是在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中,如果主句的时态是一般将来时,那么从句要用一般现在时。例如:
I will tell him about it when he comes.
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.
如果主句的时态是过去将来时,那么从句要用一般过去时。例如:
He said that he would have another try if he had the chance.
I knew he could help me if he was free the next day.
主要标志有:if 、unless 、until、 when 、as soon as
If引导的条件句(if翻译成"如果"的时候)
Ⅰ.(if 从句) 主句
v./ v.三单 will+v.
Ⅱ. if+v./ v.三单 can+v.
主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”。
主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体,如“我写字”中的“我”,就是主语,它做出“写”这个动作。“写”则是谓语,而“字”是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,它因此被称为宾语。
又如“花谢了”中的“花”就是主语,“谢了”即是对主语“花”的陈述,所以是谓语。有的语法书也称宾语为“客体”或“受体”。
主语可以由这些词类或形式来担任:名词、代词、名词化了的动词(动名词)、名词、分词、副词或
数词等,动词不定式或不定式修饰语,从句,某些固定词组的第二格。
作主语的词:名词,代词,名词化了的动词,形容词,分词,副词或数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语, 从句,某些固定词组的第二格。
直到河里的鱼死了,村民们才意识到污染的危害。The villagers didn't realize how serious the pollution was until the fish in the river died.
S+ V t +O. 主系表结构 :S+V
倒装:Not until the fish in the river died did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
注意:倒装在主句,从句不倒装 /did 和not 提前,只剩动词原形
强调:It was not until the fish died in the river that the villagers realized how serious the pollution was.
如果强调的是主语或宾语且指人用who,其他一律用that。是that,而非其他/主句的顺序((倒装不强调,强调就不倒装))
2.代词作主语人称代词(主格),名词性代词,指示代词,不定代词,such(----样的人、物),it(时间,天气,距离等)
at midnight /in the(泛指)middle of the night
It is 9 o'clock when I went home.
It was ten when I got home.一般句
It was at ten that I got home.强调句
I got home at ten.原形
注释:作主语在句首/it作主语构成(常用 v-ing,不常用只有 use,good)
It is +adj. +of sb.(人的属性)/for sb.(物的属性)to do
It is necessary to finish the design before National day. Tomorrow is National day.
it is +n.+for/of sb. to do
It is not good manners for Arabs to stand close talking to their friends.
It is a great honor for us to be invited to the party.
在感叹句中必须用it作形式主语:What a joy/ pleasure (it is) to read the book.
在问句中必须用形式主语:Is it possible to go to the moon by spaceship?
3.数词作主语Ten out of 100 Americans are over /above /more than 65.
4.动名词作主语一般 / 完成时
v-ing: 主动/doing/having done
not doing:被动/being done/having done
注意:doing 无时间限定/与谓语同时出现/在谓语动词后发生having done发生在谓语之前
He still remembers being prized.
当逻辑主语为无生命的东西时
a.作主语时,通常表示一般性的无时间性的东西。而不定式表示某一种具体的动作。
Smoking is habit difficult to break.
b.主语和表语一致
Seeing is believing.
c.逻辑主语必须是所有格形式
Smoking kills.
d.it 作形式主语:It is no use/good-----
The old man's taking pity on the snake leads to his death.那个老头怜悯那条蛇,导致他的死亡。
5.不定式作主语To +动词原形
Not to do 解释:具有动词的性质,作宾语,状语/具有名词的性质,作主语/具有形容词性质,作定语/具有副词的性质,作状语。除谓语不可作之外,其他都可。
一般式:to do
进行时:to be doing
完成时:to have done
完成进行时:to have been doing
to do:表示动作发生在谓语之后,I want to go home.与谓语动词几乎同时发生
to be doing :表示与谓语动词同时发生
to have done:发生在谓语动词之前 Someone was considered to have done something.
to have been doing :动作从过去开始一直持续到谓语动词这个动作的发生
不定式表示一种确定的动作
To do morning exercises this morning is not good for your health.
6.名词化的形容词the poor /the sick
7.名词化的过去分词the disabled
8.名词化的介词短语From my home to school is three kilometers.
副词----不定式或动名词
What an excitement to find a shark when you’re swimming in the sea.
9.句子作主语1)that引导的从句,无意义,不担当句子成分,不省略
A. It +v+ that从句
It +系动词+表语+that 从句
It is strange that he didn't come here yesterday.
当形容词为important necessary strange /that should +动词原形
It is strange that he should (表示吃惊)pass the exam.
2. It is +n +that 从句
What a pity it is that you didn't come to this party.
当名词为a pity/a shame /a surprise +should +v原形(表示竟然)
What a pity that she should be fail in exam.
3. It is +过去分词+that 从句
It is reported that a car accident happened there.
从句s +be v-ed + inf.
He is said to be studying in the USA.
有人建议suggest/order/request + 从句 should +动词原形
4. It +动词原形seem/appear /turn out/+that
It seems that it will rain.
5. It strikes sb. that 从句 ,某人突然想
It occurs to sb. that-----
B.为强调从句意义,that从句常放在句首
That he will come here is of great help.
That you failed the exam will
--What made his father so angry?
--That he failed the exam. 或He fails the exam.
c.在问句中必须有形式主语
It is true that Bush will visit China again?
2) Whether /if是否不担当句子成分,也不省略
A.句首只用whether
Whether he will come to the meeting is unknown yet.
B.句末形式主语都可用 It ----whether/if
It is of no/little important whether/if it will rain today.
c.在有些句型中,从句不在前 It doesn't matter whether ----
It doesn't matter whether it is new/it will rain tomorrow.
3) 连接代词 who /whom/whose/what/which/担当从句成分,有意义,不省略
A. what +sb. + clause
What we will do next is not decided.
B. what+修饰词 意为什么样的……
What color you like is none of my business.
C. what ……人,……事,……物
What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present.
注意:what前是否有先行词/与that 之间的区别
That he said it at the meeting surprised everyone present.
What 与which 的区别
Which/what you want---若给定范围用which,没有用what。
What ---be that---强调句的一种(强调后者)
What I need most is that someone helps me.
There be +what clause
There was we call People's Republic of China in Chinese history.
What +比较级what more /what worse
what引导从句作状语修饰全句的内容。在句首或句中,很少在句尾
Which +n (single)
Whose +n(只用此)
Whose father is a doctor is no sense.
It从句作形式主语(what……人或物时,不用it)
4)连接副词 when/whose/how/why担当句子成分,有意义,不省略
How the accident happened puzzled everyone.句尾用形式主语it
5) 引导主语从句
whoever/whosever/whatever/whichever/Anywhere/anything that /everyone that/whoever=anyone whom/anything that (泛指)/anything what (特指)
Whoever 指人从意义判断
Who 引导指事
Since the introduction of reform, China has made earth shaking changes.自从改革以来,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。说明,除及物动词有宾语之外,英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外,某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分,即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语,这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。
Show me(间接宾语)yourtickets(直接宾语),please.
宾语一般用在及物动词的后面,表示行为动词所涉及的对象。
一、名词作宾语
Show your passport, please. 请出示护照。
二、 代词作宾语
She didn't say anything. 她什么也没说。
三、 数词作宾语
—How many do you want? — I want two. 你要几个?- 我要两个。
四、名词化的形容词作宾语
They sent the injured to hospital. 他们把伤员送到医院。
五、不定式或ing形式作宾语
They asked to see my passport. 他们要求看我的护照。
I enjoy working with you. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。
六、从句作宾语
Did you write down what he said? 你把他的话写下了没有?
谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成,依据其在句中
繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。
谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如:
I (like) walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态)
I ( made) your birthday cake last night..昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态)
It (is used )by travelers and business people all over the world .全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态)
复合谓语可分为两种情况:
第一种是由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语:
What does this word mean? 这个单词是什么意思?
I won’t do it again. 我不会再做它(指这件事it one more time")。
I’ll go and move away the bag 我会移走这个袋子的。
You’d better catch a bus. 你最好乘坐公交车。
第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。例如:
You look the same. 你(们)看起来一样.
We are all go home ,我们回家吧。[=Let's go home]
My pen is in my bag. 我的钢笔在我的书包里。
I felt tired all the time. 我整天感到疲惫.
He seemed rather tired last night. 他昨天看起来相当的累.
连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割。
时间状语是表示时间的词或词组
可以分类为:
一、一般现在时
表示一般状态、习惯动作、客观规律和永恒真理
二、现在进行时
表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动;或表感情色彩,加强浯气。
三、现在完成时
表示目前已完成的动作,强调对现在的影响。时间是算到你说话的时候为止,而且现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语:
1.for+时间段;I have learned English for ten years.
2.常见的副词:lately;recently, just,up to now, till now,
so far, these days,
in the past few years/months/weeks/days
3.注意:for+时间段;since+时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since l995.
4.This is the first time that I have watched stars through a telescope.
第几次做某事,后面跟现在完成时。
四、一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用,如:yesterday;last week;in 1945,at that time;once;during the war;before;a few days ago;when,注意:
1、used to+动词原形,表过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。
He used to smoke.
2、be/become/get used to+动名词doing,表习惯于
He has got used to getting up early.
He used to smoke a lot.
3、They have lived in Beijing for five years.
用现在完成时表示到目前是5年。
He lived in Japan for five years as a middle-school student.
用一般过去时则表示这个时间段和现在无关,只表示他过去在日本住了5年。
五、过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a leisurely walk by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
六、过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,句中有明显的参照动作或时间,before,after,by,up till
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
七、一般将来时
表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
除此之外一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状浯从句的主句中:
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
(主句用一般将来时,从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)
在表示对将来的安排时,一般将来时与将来进行时的比较:
一般将来时往往表示一种打算、情愿、愿意做某事,所以一般将来时表达的比较主观,而将来进行时表示将来的安排时是客观的、必
然的,不强调主观愿望,只强调客观的安排
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
will be meeting,将来进行时,是按照以计划一定会发生的事情。
八、将来完成时
表示在将来某时刻之前已完成的事情,用by+将来的时间
by that time,by the end of this year
By the end of next month,he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station,the train will have left.
九、将来进行时
表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I'll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.
明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
十、现在完成进行时
表示从过去延续到现在并还将继续下去或刚刚还在进行的动作:
I have been learning English for some ten years.
我学英语快十年了。(表示我还要学下去)
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
我在这里等你已经两个小时了。(强调刚刚还在等)
那个,大哥,100分是你的了(后面的仁兄,不好意思啊,小弟是十分感谢的)
情态动词
系动词
指什么?
情态动词有四类:
①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might)……
②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare,will
③具有情态动词特征:have(had,has) to,used to,ought to
④情态动词表猜测:一肯一否三不定(must一肯,can not一否,may,might,could,三不定。)
注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
位置:
1- 具有助动词作用,可以用来构成否定句,疑问句及用于简单回答。
Can you sing an English song?
你会唱英语歌吗?
Yes I can。
是的,我会。
2-后接动词原形,即不带to的不定式。
She may lose her way.
她可能迷路了。
3-无人称和数的变化。
We must stay here.
我们必须待在这儿。
He must stay here.
他必须待在这儿。
4-有一定的词义,但并不完整,必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。
5.在以Could引导的表示委婉语气的疑问句,常用来表示请求别人的帮助。注意的是这里不是情态动词的用法。
回答为:肯定:Yes,I can./Sure./Certainly. 否定:Sorry,I am afraid not.
在作否定回答时,要注意:在拒绝别人的请求时,不能用can not,这样显得语气太过生硬。但是在长辈拒绝晚辈的请求是可以用can not的。
特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
系动词:分类:状态系动词: 可用来表示主语性质或状态,只有be一词;持续系动词: 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand;表像系动词 :用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look;感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, look ;变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run,be;终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意
剩下的真不够字数了
参考资料: 百度百科还有我自己的笔记
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时
下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、 一般现在时:
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语: always(一直,总是), usually(通常,经常), often(常常,时常), sometimes(有时,间或), every week (day, year, month…)(每周、每日、每年、每月), once a week(每星期一次), on Sundays(在每星期天),
3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:. It seldom snows here. 这很少下雪。
He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。
Action speaks louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩/行动胜过语言/行动胜于空谈
二、 一般过去时:
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago(以前,以往), yesterday(昨天,往昔), the day before yesterday(前天), last week(上周),last(year, night, month…)(去年、昨晚、上个月), in 1989(在1989年), just now(刚才,眼下), at the age of 5(在5岁), one day(有一天), long long ago(很久以前), once upon a time(从前), etc(等等).
3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词 的过去式
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days. 那时她经常来帮助我们。
I didn't know you were so busy. 我不知道你那么忙。
三、 现在进行时:
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:now(现在), at this time(这时), these days(目前,这些天), etc.
3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today? 今天感觉怎么样?
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功课做的很好。
四、 过去进行时:
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday(昨天这时), at that time(那时)或以when(当···)引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构:was/were+doing
4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那时她正在中国人民解放军一个部队里工作。
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 他进来的时候,我正在看报纸。
五、 现在完成时:
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语:recently(最近,新近), lately(近来,不久前), since…for…(自从···因为···),in the past few years(过去几年), etc.
3.基本结构:have/has + done
4.否定形式:have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑问句:have或has。
6.例句:I've written an article. 我写了一篇文章。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 过去几年,农村发生很大的变化。
六、 过去完成时:
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:before(在之前,先于), by the end of last year(term, month…)(去年年底、上学期期末、上个月底),etc.
3.基本结构:had + done.
4.否定形式:had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. 我们到车站,火车已经开了。
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 上个月底,我们复习了四本书。
七、 一般将来时:
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:tomorrow(明天), next day(week, month, year…)(第二天、第二周、第二年···),soon(一会儿,不久), in a few minutes(在几分钟), by…(在之前),the day after tomorrow(明天), etc.
3.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.
4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies. 他们打算在学习上和我们来一个比赛。
It is going to rain. 快要下雨了。
八、 过去将来时:
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…)(第二天、第二个早上、第二年),the following month(week…)(下一个月、下一个周),etc.
3.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.
4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day. 他说他第二天回去北京。
I asked who was going there . 我问谁去那里
九.将来完成时:
1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语:by the time of(等到,到···的时候);by the end of(到结束时,到时为止,在之前)+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)
3.基本结构:be going to/will/shall + have done
十.现在完成进行时:
1.概念:在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止
2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing
几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago. 两年前,他加入了社团。
B. He has been in the League for two years. 他在社团两年了。
C. It is two years since he joined the League. 他加入社团两年了。
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 自从他加入社团已经有两年了。
十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. 皮特在工作,但是麦克在玩。
Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 皮特在工作,但是麦克在玩。
十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go(去), come(来), leave(离开), start(开始), arrive(到达)等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
The train is leaving soon. 火车就要开了。
The train will leave soon. 火车就要开了。
十六种时态
一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时;
现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时;
现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时;
现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时. 从别处摘抄的,希望你喜欢。