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悬垂结构 Dangling Element的定义
一般在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。
Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.
悬垂结构 的理解
分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中)，就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词 ”(unattached participle)。例如：
(1)Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained．
(2)Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me．
由 悬垂结构 造成的错误
(1)悬垂分词
误： Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正： It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正： As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.
(2)悬垂不定式
误：To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.
正：To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.
(3)悬垂简式从句
误：When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
正：When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
在学习语法过程中，请掌握技巧,然后理解消化.
--------------------------------
独立主格结构
独立主格结构是语法中的一个很重要，也 是一个大多数学生感到棘手的语法点，下面我们从几个方面来说说独立主格的用法吧。
I. 独立主格结构的基本概念
由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:
Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:
Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。
①Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
② When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:
Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
② To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
悬垂结构 Dangling Element的定义
一般在一个句子中，修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语，如果它不修饰句中的任何成分，而处于悬浮状态，这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。
Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.
悬垂结构 的理解
分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中)，就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词 ”(unattached participle)。例如：
(1)Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained．
(2)Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me．
由 悬垂结构 造成的错误
(1)悬垂分词
误： Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正： It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正： As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.
(2)悬垂不定式
误：To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.
正：To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.
(3)悬垂简式从句
误：When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
正：When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
在学习语法过程中，请掌握技巧,然后理解消化.
--------------------------------
独立主格结构
独立主格结构是语法中的一个很重要，也 是一个大多数学生感到棘手的语法点，下面我们从几个方面来说说独立主格的用法吧。
I. 独立主格结构的基本概念
由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
3、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:
Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:
Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。
①Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
② When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:
Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
② To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
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独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明摘自高考英语网
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
独立主格结构的七种形式
1. 名词（代词）+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词（代词）+不定式摘自高考英语网
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
6. There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
7. It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：摘自高考英语网
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明摘自高考英语网
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
独立主格结构的七种形式
1. 名词（代词）+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词（代词）+不定式摘自高考英语网
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
6. There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
7. It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：摘自高考英语网
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
参考资料： http://www.nmet168.com/Article/200802/1292.html
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