Question

(高悬赏)马上中考了急需复习方法和重要语法,要超级详细的

马上中考了急需复习方法和重要语法,要超级详细的

Answer 1

初中英语语法如下：
明白了这些，就搞定了。
初中英语语法讲座
这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。
一、名词
关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。
┌单数---可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a
可数名词
名词的根据数 └复数
不可数名词
1.复数的构成方法：
(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch--watches。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country--countries。
请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s如：monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es 构成复数。
(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knife--knives。
2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish—fish, Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese
3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot-- feet
(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen, Frenchman--Frenchmen
请区别：German(德国人)--Germans
(3)child—children
4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。
如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)
No news is good news.
6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。
How many are there in your pencil-box? (knife)
不可数名词：
1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。
应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。
如：Some bread over there. (be)
3.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any等来修饰不可数名词。
4.常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread
请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples
名词的格
名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→ Tom's译为“…的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers' Day , two weeks' holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day
关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：
1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doctor's 去医生家。
2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的
3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
二、冠词：
1.冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the
2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine
3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the
4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun ,the moon, the earth
5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。
如：the first, the best ,in the south
6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair
8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：
(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,,at night.
9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：
in front of 在…前面 in the hospital 在医院里
in the front of 在…范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院
There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital.
A. an, an B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the
三、数词
1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：
1,2,3特殊记，加th 从4起 (first, second, third, fourth)
8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth ,ninth)
逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth ,twelfth)
20到90，y要变ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)
若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first)
2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people.
只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。
hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的
thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的
millions of 数百万的
这些词组前不能用具体数字。
3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。
eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.
A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds of
The lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)
另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。
顺读法(钟点＋分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five
4:15 four fifteen
倒读法(分钟＋to／past＋钟点) 如：4:30 half past four
4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four
4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five
四、代词
(一)
人称代词 主格 I you he she it we you they
宾格 me you him her it us you them
物主代词 形容词性 my your his her its our your their
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。
2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。
如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)
3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属
如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹
a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：
enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快)
by oneself=alone (单独、独自)
help oneself to… (随便吃/喝 些...)
learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)
（二）
修饰可数词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义
修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义
few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.
如:There are quite a few new books in the library.
（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.
当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something new

(四)另外，代词some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。
any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句
① Will you give me some water?
② Would you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions?
④ Could I have some apples?
2.every＋单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。
each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。
如：Each student was asked to try again.
Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing games.
3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。
none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of
如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）
4.both “（两者）都” 作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。
either “两者中任何一个” , 作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。
如：They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.
There are trees on both sides of the street.
= There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither of us is going to Beijing next week
Neither answer is right.
5. another +单数名词, “另一个”
one … the other “一个……，另一个……”
the other +复数名词
= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）
others “别人”
(五)疑问代词 5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which
这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.
I'm going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考题)
________ ________ are you going to take?
五、形容词 副词
大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：
原级：
比较级： 比较...，更...一些
最高级： 最...
（A）1.构成：(规则情况)
情 况 变 化 方 法 例 词
单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest
以字母e结尾 加r, st nice-nicer-nicest
重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest
以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er, est early-earlier-earliest
部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, most
slowly-more slowly-most slowly
2.不规则变化，须熟记：
good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest
bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least
(B)常见的使用情况
1.as … as … 和...一样（中间用原级）
2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）
3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）
4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的
eg. ⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year.
⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .
5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越…...”
eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful
6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越…...就越…...
eg:The more, the better. 越多越好
(C)注意点：
1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。
2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。
3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one, that, those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。
eg: The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.
=I like maths better than English.
此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：
1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。
2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词
enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词
eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。
3.区别几组易混淆的副词:
也
too用于肯定、疑问句
also 较为正式书面语
either 用于否定句
已经
already 常用于肯定句、疑问句
yet 常用于否定句、疑问句
不再
no (not any) longer 从时间上讲
no (not any) more 从动作上讲
如此这样
such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box
so 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big
单独、独自
alone 作表语 =by oneself
孤独的
lonely 可作表语、定语
eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)
六、介词
1．与形容词搭配的词组有：
be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的气）
be away from （不在某地） be different from （与…不同）
be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害)
be interested in （对…感兴趣） be late for （迟到）
be/get ready for （为作好准备） be sure of (对…有把握)
be worried about （为…感到担忧）
2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1)You must take good care of her.
2)Thank you for teaching us so well.
3．几组易混淆的介词
A． “在...之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）
after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）
after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour.
They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B． for +一段时间
since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。
C． be made of "用……制成"
be made in “由某地制造”
be made by somebody “由某人制成”
D． in, on, at表时间
in “在某月(季节、年)等”
eg: in 1996, in January, in summer
固定词组：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end
on "用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"
eg: on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”
固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time
注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天
E. except +宾格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身）
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)
=Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.
F． “用” 通过交通工具 by plane
用语言 in English
通过媒介 on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段 with a pen, with one's hands
G． between “在~和~（两者）之间”
between...and...,
between the two...
among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)
eg. Sue spent over two hours ____ her homework yesterday evening.
A. on B. with C. at D. over
七、连词
1．并列连词
both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词
neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。
either…or… “或者 …或者…”“不是…就是…”
and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。
but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。
or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。.
2．引导宾语从句的连词
陈述句：that 可省略
一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词
3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)
4．引导时间状语从句的连词：
A. when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。
eg: I won't leave until he comes back.
B. since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。
eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.
C. while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。
5．引导条件状语从句的连词：
if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。
请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定
八、动词
可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。
一、实义动词 （行为动词）
1.不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,常须加了介词后方能加宾语
如:look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about等
2.及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整
在及物动词+副词 构成动副搭配时,代词放中间这一点同学们常易忘记,故应特别加以记忆。
如:turn on(√) turn on the radio(√) turn the radio on(√)turn on it(×) turn it on(√)
常见的动副搭配的词组有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away等
3.注意行为动词的几种变化形式
原形 enjoy
第三人称单数 enjoys
过去式 enjoyed
过去分词 enjoyed
现在分词 enjoying
象过去式，过去分词，同学们须熟记初中所学的不规则动词变化表。
现在分词的变化方法，一般是直接在动词后加ing，有几个特殊的可加以记忆：lie-lying, die-dying
要双写的单词有：
一个m(swim-swimming)
一个g(dig-digging)
三个n(run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning)
三个p(stop-stopping, shop-shopping ,drop-dropping)
还有六个t(sit-sitting, hit-hitting，get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting)
同学们特别应注意forget, begin这种双音节单词。
另外，eat, wait这两个词不是重读闭音节，故不能双写加ing，这也是同学们易犯的错误。
4.请区别几组易混淆的同义动词
第一组 look-see-watch-read
look 看 look at the bird
see 看见 see a film
watch 观看、注视 watch TV， watch a football match
read 读 ，阅读 read a book， read newspapers
第二组 say-speak-talk-tell
say 说（不及物动词）
①say to sb. , (后跟引语) ②say it again (后常跟it)
speak 讲，发言（不及物动词）
①speak at the meeting ②learn to speak ③speak English
talk 谈话（不及物动词）
①talk about sth.(谈论某事) ②talk with sb.(和某人交谈)
tell 告诉，讲（及物动词）
① tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth.
② tell sb. about sth. (后常跟某人)
③tell the time “报时”/ tell a story “讲故事”
用say, speak, talk,tell的适当形式填空：
1.Can you ＿＿＿＿ Japanese?
2.The teacher ＿＿＿ us not to play in the street.
3.Would you please ＿＿ it in English?
4.What are you ＿＿＿＿ about?
第三组 borrow-lend
borrow 借进（短暂动词）
①borrow sth. (借某物)
②borrow sth. from sb. (向某人借某物）
如May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken.
lend 借出（短暂动词）
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.(把某物借给某人)
如:You mustn't lend it to others.
keep 借（一段时间），常与一段时间的时间状语连用，为延续性动词。
如: How long may I keep it?
第四组 bring-take
bring 带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来），常与here, me 搭配
如：Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.
take 带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去），常与there, away搭配
如：Take your raincoat with you. It's going to rain.
第五组 listen-hear
listen 听 不及物，常与介词to连用
如:I listened carefully, but heard nothing.
Hear 听到 及物 后直接跟宾语
hear from sb 收到某人的来信
如:Jim's mother haven't heard from him for a long time.
hear of 听说
如:Have you heard of the news?
第六组 look for-find-find out
look for 寻找 （强调动作）
find 找到 发现（强调结果）
如:We looked for him everywhere but didn't find him.
find out 查明 （通过调查研究找到事实的真相）
如:Can you find out who broke the window?
第七组 put on-wear-dress
put on 穿上 （强调动作）
如:It's cold outside. Please put on your coat.
wear 穿着（强调状态）
如:Lucy is wearing a blue sweater today.
dress 打扮，给...穿衣服
①dress sb. / oneself 给某人（或自己）穿衣服
②get dressed 穿好衣服
③dress up 打扮 穿上盛装”
如:She often dresses up in a red skirt.
第八组 forget-leave
forget 忘了某物
如:I forgot to tell you about it.
leave 把某物忘在某地
如:Kate left her key to her room at home.
5． 有些及物动词后可以跟双宾语即直接宾语（表物）和间接宾语（表人），间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，若颠倒两者的位置，则通常在间接宾语前加一个介词（to或for）。
1） 2)
draw sth. for sb. pass sth. to sb.
make sth. for sb. give sth. to sb.
mend sth. for sb. lend sth. to sb.
buy sth. for sb. show sth. to sb.
get sth. for sb. bring sth. to sb.
cook sth. for sb. take sth. to sb.
keep sth. for sb. write sth. to sb.
return sth. for sb. send sth. to sb.
Eg: How much did you ____ all these things?
A. spend B .give C. cost D. pay for
二.连系动词
eg: His grandpa has been _____ for over ten years.(die)
常见的连系动词有：
be + adj. / n. 是，在
become + n. /adj. 变成
turn + adj. 变得
get + adj. 变得
grow + adj. 长得
keep + adj. 保持着
feel + adj. 感到
look + adj. 看上去
seem + adj./n. 看起来好象
smell + adj. 闻起来
fall asleep 入睡
三.情态动词
1.can:
能，会 表示能力，相当于be able to。
可以，表示许可，相当于may。
can’t be 不可能
2.may:
可以，可能，或许
may be 可能 请区别maybe副词 可能
3.must:
必须，表示肯定的猜测
must be 准是，一定是
4.could: 比can语气更委婉，客气，并不表示过去时。
5.注意回答形式：
⑴May I...? Yes, you may. No, you can't (mustn't).
⑵Must I ...? Yes, you must. No,you needn't.
6.must 表示说话人的主观看法，have to 表示外界客观愿望,不得不。
如:⑴Her mother is ill. She has to stay at home and take care of her.
⑵You must look after your clothes.
7.should 表示"应当，应该"，与疑问词连用表意外，惊奇。
What should I do? 我该怎么办呢？
8.will, would 在交际用语中，would更客气，表邀请。
Will you...? ...好吗？ Would you...?
四、助动词
助动词有do, does, did, have, has, will, would等
五、动词不定式
形式：to +动词原形
特点： 1.无人称和数的变化。
2.在句中不能作谓语。
3.可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语。
1. 使役动词: let, make
感观动词: see, hear, watch, feel, notice之后必须使用省略to的动词不定式。
如：⑴Nothing could make him get angry.
⑵I often hear her sing in the morning.
2.had better 后使用省略to的动词不定式。
如：You had better do it by yourself.
3.It 作形式主语，可用 to do 作真正的主语。
如:⑴It took me half an hour to finish the work.
⑵It's bad for you to read in bed.
⑶It's very kind of you to help me.
4.动词不定式常与特殊疑问词连用。
如：⑴He didn't know when to start.
⑵We don't know how to get there.
⑶I can't decide which sweater to choose.
5.记住一些特殊结构：
⑴Would like/love to do 想要做
⑵Why not do ? 为什么不做
⑶Help sb.(to)do sth. 帮助某人做某事
⑷It's time to do sth. 是干某事的时候了。
⑸spend (in) doing sth.=It takes sb. to do sth.花费（时间）做某事
⑹too...to do sth. 太...以致不能...
⑺can't wait to do sth. 等不及做某事,迫不及待做某事
⑻stop doing sth. 停止做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来开始做某事