Question

帮忙翻译啊 谢谢啊

Protection systems are designed in order to initiate switching
actions and to clear faults rapidly. Standard protections are willing
to accept false trips in order to ensure the reliability of fault
isolation, minimizing damages to system components and are
appropriate only when power system operates in normal state
(dependability approach). If the system is under stress, unnecessary
trips will contribute, very likely, to wide spread system
failures, thus compromising system security. Therefore, a security
approach will consist in a contrary management of the trip
operations [10].
For mature high voltage or extra high voltage systems the
bias is generally toward dependability because the power system
itself is redundant and it is vital to clear faults with certainty.
On the other hand, distribution systems are not redundant and
therefore security is the most important aspect [11].
An adaptive approach allows to shift between dependability
and security approach, impeding storms or heavy loading and
ensuring longer operative service.
Several definitions have been given in [12] about the adaptive
protection and from their analysis two important needs are
clear:
1. computing and transmitting new operating parameters from
a central unit in order to alter automatically and on line the
protection system settings, functions and characteristics;
2. finding an optimal parameter configuration which results
in the most desirable operation, instead of a conventional
trade-off between conflicting requirements (dependability
and security).

Answer 1

保护系统是被设计用来快速发动开关和清除故障的。为了确保排除故障的能力可靠，合规格的保护系统要能经受虚假故障测试，最小化对系统组件的伤害，并且只有当电力系统运作正常时才起到作用（接近可靠度）。如果系统处于压力之下，就会出现不必要的故障，系统很可能会运作失败，从而影响系统的安全性。因此，安全途径将存在于一个相反的故障操作管理中。

关于成熟高压和特高压的偏见主要围绕可靠性而言，因为电力系统本身是过剩的，而且电力系统对于确定无疑地清除故障极其重要。另一方面，配电系统是很重要的，因此安全性是最重要的一方面。

一个适应性的方法就是在可靠度和安全度之间转换，避免风暴和重负荷，确保更长寿命的有效运作。

关于适应性保护有几个定义，从这些定义的分析当中，得出两个明确的需求：
1，为了自动改变和联机保护系统设置、功能、特性，从一个中心单位计算和传送新的操作参数；
2，找到一个最佳参数配置，从而产生最令人满意的运作，而不是相互冲突的要求之间的惯例的权衡（可靠性和安全性）。