Question

请英语高手帮忙翻译一段英文，悬赏20

一、语言与文化之间的关系
语言是是符号系统，它是由音位、音数、词和句以及篇章构成的系统。语言是人类思维的工具，也是人类思想的工具，人类思维的过程或结果体现在词汇和其它语言结构中。（高宝红，2001：2）文化本身是一种非常复杂的社会现象，文化带表着一个民族的哲学、历史、地理、信仰、价值观念、宗教及行为准则等。语言与文化在外语学习和交际过程中是相互作用，相互依存的关系。一个民族既有自己丰富的民族文化，又有自己独特民族文化。语言是文化的一部分，是文化的载体，语言像一面镜子反映着民族的全部文化，又像一扇窗揭示着该文化的一切内容。另一方面，文化包罗万象，语言的正确使用受文化的制约，语言无时无刻不负载文化。只有深刻理解语言与文化这种辨正统一的关系，才能在学习中洞察本族文化与目的语文化的差异，自觉习知其语言系统中潜隐着的交际文化。
二、 文化差异与跨文化语用失误
中西文化差异在各方面的体现：
1.中西文化差异在思维方式上的体现
2.中西文化差异在传统习俗上的体现
3.中西文化差异在价值观念上的体现
4.中西文化差异在文化禁忌上的体现
外语学习实际上就是一个文化学习，要学好外语就必须了解目的语文化，尤其要熟悉本族语与目的语之间的文化差异。本文试从文化的角度分析了交际中的跨文化语用失误，探讨了造成这种现象的原因，并提出了克服这种现象的相应措施。
面对的来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，如何减少文化语用的失误，正确地避免文化冲突的发生，从而更加顺利地进行中西文化的交流自然成为本课题研究的重点和难点。
跨文化语用失误的分类：
根据Jenny Thoma的划分，跨文化语用失误可分为两类：语用—语言失误和社交—语用失误。语用—语言失误指学习者将本族语对某一词语或结构的语用意义套用在外语上造成的语用失误。社交—语用失误指由于文化背景不同而犯的语用错误，牵涉哪些该讲，哪些不该讲，人际关系的远近，人们的权利和义务等，与人们的价值观念相关。（胡文仲，1994：29）
语用失误在各方面的体现：
1.词语和结构的任意套用
2.文化观念和交际模式的套用
3.价值观念误导

(希望不要用翻译软件直接翻译,因为本人也是懂些英语的)

Answer 1

给你大致的翻了下。我工作可是挺忙的哦：

the relationship between language and culture
Language is a kind of semiotic system that formed by phoneme, interval, word and sentence. Language is a tool of human thoughts and human thinking. The process or the result in the human thought is embodied in the word and other language structures (Gao Baohong, 2001:2) the culture itself is a very complicated social phenomena, and it represents a culture’s philosophy, history, geography, belief, sense of worth, religions and standard of conduct and so on. Language and culture are an interaction in the foreign language study and the social intercourse process and they depend on each other. A nation has its own abundant culture, but also has its own special one. The language is a part of culture, is a carrier of culture. The language likes a mirror and reflects the whole culture, and it likes a window that displays all the contents of the culture. In another aspects, culture is all-embracing, and it confined the correctly use of language, so, the language load the culture all the time. Only deeply understand the comprehensive relationship between language and culture, we can penetrate the difference in native culture and Target Culture. And learn the potential social intercourse in semiotic system.
二, cultural difference and pragmatics mistake in cross-culture
the embodiment of the east and the west cultural difference in several aspects:
1. thinking
2. traditional custom
3. values
4. cultural taboos

Answer 2

1, language and the relationship between culture
Yes yes sign language system, it is by phoneme, and the sound of the words and sentences, as well as a chapter of the system. Language is a tool of human thinking, but also a tool of human thought, human thinking process or the results reflected in the vocabulary and structure of other languages. (High Baohong, 2001:2) culture itself is a very complex social phenomena, cultural table with a national philosophy, history, geography, beliefs, values, religion and behavior guidelines. Language and culture in foreign language learning is the process of communication and interaction, and mutual interdependence. A nation rich in both its own national culture, it also has its own unique culture. Language is part of culture, is the carrier of culture, language, as a mirror to reflect all of the nation's culture, like a window reveals the culture of all the elements. On the other hand, all-encompassing culture, the proper use of the language and cultural constraints, language does not always load culture. Only deep understanding of the language and culture Discrimination unified relations, can insight in the study of the ethnic culture and target cultural differences, and consciously know language learning system in a latent communicative culture.
Second, cultural differences and cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure
Cultural differences in various aspects of expression:
1. Cultural Differences in the way of thinking embodied
2. Cultural Differences in the traditional practices of
3. Cultural Differences in the expression values
4. Cultural Differences in cultural taboos on expression

Answer 3

1 the relation of of language and culture
The language is a sign system, it from the system of the sound, the sound number, phrase and the sentence and literary piece constitute.The language is the tool of mankind's thinking, is also mankind the tool of the thought, the process of mankind's thinking or result body now vocabulary and other language structure in.(Gao Bao3 Hong2, 2001:2)the culture is very 1 kind the social phenomena of complications, the culture take form a philosophy, history, geography of race, believe in, concept of value, religion and behavior standard etc..Language and culture are an interaction in the foreign language study and the social intercourse process and depend on to save mutually of relation.A race current oneself be abundant of race culture, again have own special race culture.The language is a culture of one part, is culture of carry a body, the language be like a noodles mirror reflection race of all culture, again be like a window to announce to public that culture of the whole contents.On the other hand, cultural all inclusive, the exactitude of the language usage be subjected to culture of check and supervision, language all the time not load culture.Only deep comprehension language and culture this kind of Bian is unify of relation, then can in the study insight into origin the difference of the clan culture and purpose language culture, aware of self the Qian in the know-how its language system be concealed of social intercourse culture.
2 The cultural difference use error with cross-cultural language
Medium west cultural difference's body in everyone's noodles now:
1 The medium west cultural difference is in the body on the mode of thinking now
2 Medium the west cultural difference is in the body of tradition custom now
3 The medium west cultural difference is in the body on the concept of value now
4 Medium west cultural difference's body in the cultural taboo now