Question

个体差异因素与第二语言习得 翻译五

五、年龄因素与第二语言习得
自20 世纪70 年代以来, 以美国语言专家Krashen为代表的很多国外语言教育专家和学者对年龄对第二语言习得的影响进行了大量的研究, 研究结果仍是仁者见仁、智者见智。目前趋于共识的有以下几点:11 学习速度问题。由于在智力发育水平、知识面、社会经验及母语能力等方面成人占据较大优势, 成年人的学习速度, 特别是语法学习速度, 大大快于儿童。但随着语言的逐渐积累和熏陶, 儿童将最终追赶上并超过成年人。儿童在自然的语言环境中会显示出较大的第二语言习得优势, 而在正规的外语课堂上因语境、智力发展水平等条件的限制, 学习速度较成年人缓慢。21 语调问题。在非正规学习的条件下, 只有儿童才能达到与讲母语的人相同的语调, 儿童一般在6 岁之前(也有学者认为在青春期前, 即12、13 岁
前) , 如能受到足够的外语熏陶, 就有可能达到语音纯正。成年人经过多年的正规学习, 多数可以流利地讲外语, 但只有极少数人能达到与讲母语的人相似或相同的语调。

31 语言能力与潜力问题。儿童更具有取得与讲
母语者相同的语言能力的潜力。与语音掌握速度相比, 儿童对外语语法规则的掌握相对较慢, 大约在15 岁左右才能较好地掌握语法规则。在口头和书面语方面, 成年人均可达到讲母语者水平, 语法掌握的精确度可达到或超过讲母语的人。无论最终能否达到类似讲母语者的语言能力, 儿童在语音和语法方面与成人相比更有可能达到更高的水平和层次。

41 对语音和语法的影响程度问题。年龄因素对外语语法学习过程并不产生实质性影响, 但对语音习得有决定性影响。正如我们在上文中所研究论述的, 在第二语言习得过程中, 个体差异因素中的性格因素、语言能力倾向因素、学习动机因素、认知风格因素和年龄因素对学习者第二语言的习得影响非常大。但就目前的研究成果而言, 我们仍无法说明哪些个体差异
因素对第二语言习得的成功起着至关重要的作用。此外, 我们还应认识到除个体差异因素外, 社会、外语习得机制、文化背景、学习氛围和环境等对学习者第二语言的习得影响也非常大。我们所研究探讨的个体差异因素仅仅是影响学习者第二语言习得众多因素之一。

Answer 1

5. Age factor and the acquisition of a second language
Ever since the nineteen seventies, a lot of researches on the impact of age factor in the acquisition of a second language had been carried out by many language education experts and scholars from abroad with US language specialist, Krashen as the representative; conclusions from the researches are many and varied. However, few of the consensuses are listed below:

11. Learning speed
In view of the fact that the adults’ level of developed intelligence, knowledge, social experiences and the ability of mother tongue prevail over children, their learning speed, especially in the learning of grammar, is much faster than children’s. However, with the gradual accumulation and edification of the language, children will ultimately catch up with and surpass adults. Children will manifest their stronger advantage of second language acquisition in a natural language environment; but in formal classrooms, the learning speed of children will be slower than adults due to restrictions on the context of words and the level of developed intelligence.

21. Intonations
Under the informal learning situation, only the children can achieve the intonations similar to the mother tongue speakers. It is generally believed that
if children were subjected to sufficient edification of a foreign language, it would be possible for them to master pure phonetics before reaching the age of six (there are scholars who maintain that it is before puberty, i.e. before reaching twelve or thirteen years old.) After years of formal study, most adults can speak a foreign language fluently, but only a few can attain the intonation similar to, or the same as the mother tongue speakers.

31. Language ability and the potential
Children are better equipped with the potential to attain the language ability similar to the mother tongue speakers. Compared with the learning of phonetics, children are relatively slower in grasping the grammatical rules of a foreign language; this can only be better accomplished when they have reached the age of about fifteen. In the oral and written aspects, the adults can attain the level of mother tongue speakers; as for the accuracy of grammar, they also can reach the similar level of or surpass the mother tongue speakers. Irrespective of whether or not children can ultimately master the language ability similar to the mother tongue speakers, they have a greater possibility than adults to attain higher levels and notches in phonetics and grammar.

41. Degree of impact on the phonetics and grammar
Age factor does not affect substantially the learning process of foreign language grammar, but it has a decisive impact on the phonetics. Just like what we have described above, during the acquisition process of a second language, the five aspects of individual disparity factors, namely the personality factor, language aptitude, learning motives, perception style and the age factor, have a very strong impact on the language acquisition of the learners. However, present studies on the subject are still unable to identify which of the factors are crucial to the successful acquisition of a second language. Besides, we should know that other than the individual disparity factors, there are other factors such as the society, foreign language acquisition mechanism, cultural background, study ambience and environment, which also have a very strong impact on the second language acquisition of the learners. Our research study on the individual disparity factors is only one of the many factors affecting learners on the acquisition of a second language.

Answer 2

你直接参阅Keath Johnson 所著《第二语言习得研究概况》就可以了。
翻译这些没有用，看原著最好。

看看那些翻译，垃圾一片。这是专著里的一段话，哪里是他们翻译得那么垃圾。

Answer 3

5, the age factor and Second Language Acquisition
Since the 1970s, the United States represented by language experts Krashen many foreign language education experts and academics on the age of second language acquisition of a great deal of research, the findings are still different people see unwise. At present there tends to become a consensus of the following: 11 learning speed. As the level of intellectual development, knowledge, experience and social aspects of adult native ability to occupy large advantage, the learning speed of adults, especially grammar learning speed, much faster than in children. But with the gradual accumulation of language and nurtured, the child will eventually catch up with and exceed adults. Children in the natural language environment will show that the larger Second Language Acquisition advantage, and the language in the formal classroom because of context, the level of intellectual development of the terms and conditions of learning speed slowly than adults. 21 intonation problems. In the non-formal learning conditions, the children can be achieved only with the speaker of the mother tongue the same tone, usually in the 6-year-old children before (some scholars believe that in the pre-pubescent, that is 12, 13-year-old
Before), such as a foreign language can be adequately nurtured, it is possible to achieve a pure voice. Adults after many years of formal learning, the majority can be fluent in foreign languages, but only a handful of people can achieve with the speaker of the mother tongue the same or a similar tone.

31 language ability and potential problems. More children made with the speaker
The same as the mother tongue of the language ability of potential. Compared to the speed and voice control, children's grasp of the rules of English grammar are relatively slow, about 15-year-old can better grasp of the rules of grammar. In the oral and written language, adults can reach the level of native speakers, grammatical accuracy of information can be met or exceeded stresses Native people. Both can eventually achieve similar stresses native language ability in children with speech and grammar more likely than adults to a higher level, and levels.

41 voice and syntax of a matter of degree. Age factors on the process of learning English grammar does not have a substantive impact, but it will have a decisive voice Acquisition impact. As we have discussed above in the study, in the second language acquisition process, the individual differences in personality factors, language aptitude, motivation to learn, cognitive style factors and the age factor on the second language learners Acquisition very big impact. However, the current research results, we are still unable to say which individual differences
Factors on the success of second language acquisition plays a vital role. In addition, we should also recognize that different factors, in addition to individual, social, language acquisition mechanism, cultural backgrounds, learning atmosphere and environment of the learners second language acquisition is also very big impact. We study the individual differences is the only factor affecting learners Second Language Acquisition one of the many factors.

Answer 4

楼上的，有本事你就翻译看看，自己又不会，还说别人翻译得垃圾
自己垃圾！

Answer 5

Fifth, the age factor has resulted in with the second language custom since the 1970s, as representative's overseas speech education expert and the scholar the influence which results to the second language custom has conducted the massive research take US language expert Krashen to the age, the findings was still different people have different views, different people have different views. At present tends the mutual recognition has the following several points: 11 study speed question. Because in intelligence aspect adults and so on growth level, aspect of knowledge, social experience and mother tongue ability occupies the big superiority, adult's study speed, specially grammar study speed, greatly quickly in child. But accumulates gradually along with the language and gradually influences, the child will pursue finally on and surpasses the adult. The child will demonstrate in the natural language environment the big second language custom will result in the superiority, but in the regular foreign language classroom because of condition and so on linguistic environment, intelligence level of development limits, the study speed will compare the adult to be slow. 21 intonation questions. Under non-regular study condition, (also only then the child can achieve with speaks mother tongue's person's same intonation, the child generally before 6 years old has scholar to think before the puberty, before namely 12, 13 year old of ), if can receive the enough foreign language to gradually influence, has the possibility to achieve the pronunciation to be pure. The adult undergoes many year regular studies, most may speak the foreign language fluently, but only then few people can achieve with speak mother tongue's person similar or the same intonation. 31 verbal skill and potential question. The child has obtains with speaks the mother tongue same verbal skill the potential. Grasps the speed with the pronunciation to compare, the child grasps to the foreign language syntax rules is relatively slow, can master the syntax rules well approximately about 15 years old. In oral and written language aspect, grown-up average per person may achieve speaks the mother tongue level, the precision which the grammar grasps may achieve or surpass speaks mother tongue's person. Whether regardless to achieve finally speaks mother tongue's verbal skill similarly, the child compares in the pronunciation and the grammar aspect and the adult has the possibility to achieve a higher level and the level. 41 to pronunciation and grammar influence question. The age factor does not have the substantive influence to the foreign language grammar learning process, but has the decisive influence to the pronunciation custom. Just like we study the elaboration in the preceding text, in the second language custom results in the process, in the individual difference factor's disposition factor, the verbal skill tendency factor, the academic motivation factor, the cognition style factor and the age factor result in the influence to the learner second language's custom to be big. But speaking of the present research results, we were still unable to explain that which individual difference the factor the success very important function which results to the second language custom. In addition, we should also realize that to besides the individual difference factor, the society, the foreign language custom results in the mechanism, the cultural context, the study atmosphere and the environment and so on results in the influence to the learner second language custom to be also big. We study the discussion the individual difference factor are merely affect the learner second language to practice one of numerous factors.