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The use of computers has been universal in nearly all walks of life in
developed countries.
1. Scientific Calculations
. The earliest computers were created to take the job of
scientific calculations, which involved complex and difficult mathematics or
time-consuming, tedious and repetitive, numerical calculations. For example
，
calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of differential
equations in a few seconds or designing a large dam involves resolving sets of
simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may
take mathematicians years, but can be done by a computer program in hours.
The Applications of Computers
计算机的应用
The use of computers has been universal in nearly all walks of life in
developed countries. Here are some examples for applications of computers:
在发达国家，
计算机的使用几乎遍敬梁数悔及各行各业。
这里举一些计算机亮毕运应用的例
子。
1. Scientific Calculations
. The earliest computers were created to take the job of
scientific calculations, which involved complex and difficult mathematics or
time-consuming, tedious and repetitive, numerical calculations. For example
，
calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of differential
equations in a few seconds or designing a large dam involves resolving sets of
simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may
take mathematicians years, but can be done by a computer program in hours.
2. Data Processing .Computers have been widely used in data processing, for
example, accounting, statistics, census. The operations involved are very simple
-addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but the amount of data is
overwhelming, beyond human capability and patience. Database
products, for
instance,Lotus-1,2,3,provide the user formal data structures for
sorting,categorizing,storing,accessing,retrieving data.With database softwareequipped,
the computer can handle data to thesatisfaction of user.
3. CAD and CAM.
CAD (computer-aided Design) is software that help
engineers in their designs for new products, buildings, print circuit boards, civil works
like bridges and airports, relieving them from the tedious, back-breaking and
time-consuming jobs like drafting and drawing. When embarking on their designs,
engineers frequently make reference into various manuals listed in which are details
of structures, parts, materials and auxiliary materials ready for designer's choice for
their designs.
CAD products incorporate the content of all these manuals into a
series of libraries in the software product, providing the engineers with information,
for instance, names, dimensions, functions, performance, specifications, shapes, color,
manufactures, prices of the machines, parts, components, tools, materials, etc. - all
necessary for engineering designs.
CAM (Computer-aided Manufacture) is software helping engineers to analyze a
product or a project, and give advice for manufacturing it or constructing it. Data
diagrams, tables, etc. showing its shape, dimension, structure, fabrication and the
material it is made from are input as the software requires. Then it will give out
suggestions about its manufacturing, for instance, machining procedure, machine
tools and facilities to be used, technical parameters like allowance for finish,
machining accuracy, as well as special processings.
4. Management
.Management is one of the decisive factors that tell success or
failure of any bank, corporation, firm, university, research institute in competition.
Management is a comprehensive technique, involving every aspect of the unit - task
(products, inventions, creations, patents), personnel (administrators, clerks,
technicians, servants), finance, real estate, equipment, etc. Computerized management
is software designed to provide tools for management in any profession, for example,
regulation of personnel, accounting, sales, inventory, taxation, wages, etc. Every kind
of software embodies the up to-data theory and method in profession, and is rather
easy to learn. More and more management software products emerge, taking the place
of human managers.
5. Computerized Communication
.Progress in this field began in the early
1960s, when we witnessed the problem of connecting remote user terminals to central
computer facilities. The solution to that problem were then based on asynchronous
low-speed lines organized in either a startopology with a line dedicated to each
terminal, or a tree topology with multidrop lines. By the end of the 60s, the field had
made a major leap with the advent of distributed resource-sharing networks. The goal
was to interconnect computers and their users at various geographically distributed
sites in order to allow the sharing, by all users connected to the network, of hardware
and software resources developed at any of the sites. The most prominent example of
such a network is ARPANET, which began implementation in 1969.
A radio-based terminal-access network called the ALOHA system was built at
the University of Hawaii in 1970.Satellite transponder in the INTERNET equipped
with a global coverage antenna can transmit data using the ground stations, thus
achieving full connectivity among them. Optics-fiber cables connecting remote user
terminals to central computer facilities can transmit data, graphs, video and audio
signals better than any existing networks.
6. Advanced Applications
. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subdivision of
computer science. Its purpose is to develop theory and method to create
“intelligent"”computer programs that work in a human
-like way, rather than
subjecting human users to the stereotyped computer-dominated working style. In a
sense of analogy, human intelligence is added to computer programs which then
exhibit more intelligent behavior and more extensive ability, for example, thinking
and reasoning, acquiring knowledge and applying it to solving more complex and
difficult problems that present computers can't.
Expert systems are the most successful example of AI. An expert system
oriented to a specific profession works like a human expert of that field and provides
advice to solving the problem proposed by the user. Expertise is derived and
organized in its knowledge base ready for the user to retrieve. Today, many expert
systems have been commercially available, and more are under development.
Knowledge Engineering is another subject of AI. Knowledge engineering is
devoted to the study of mimicking the human mind by computer programs,
particularly to the simulation of its ability to obtain and applying knowledge. In other
words
，
knowledge engineering tends to create computers that can learn, that is, can
enlarge its own storage of
knowledge by itself.
Computer vision is another application for AI. Computer vision is the use of
computers to analyze and evaluate visual information; in other words, computers that
can see. A computer vision system can extract key features from visual information of,
say, photographs, pictures, scenes, etc, to identify or distinguish objects that have
been definitely categorized in computer programs. This system can work more
efficiently than human eyes. For example, examing aerial photographs to identify
specific objects, say, missiles, bombers, warships, can help commander-in-chief make
his decisions at battlefield.
Education can be another application of AI. Unlike traditional CBT (Computer
Based Training), artificial intelligent CBT can adjust its tutorial to the students'
knowledge, experience, strengths, and weaknesses. As a result, artificial intelligent
CBT is far more effective than conventional CBT.
developed countries.
1. Scientific Calculations
. The earliest computers were created to take the job of
scientific calculations, which involved complex and difficult mathematics or
time-consuming, tedious and repetitive, numerical calculations. For example
，
calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of differential
equations in a few seconds or designing a large dam involves resolving sets of
simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may
take mathematicians years, but can be done by a computer program in hours.
The Applications of Computers
计算机的应用
The use of computers has been universal in nearly all walks of life in
developed countries. Here are some examples for applications of computers:
在发达国家，
计算机的使用几乎遍敬梁数悔及各行各业。
这里举一些计算机亮毕运应用的例
子。
1. Scientific Calculations
. The earliest computers were created to take the job of
scientific calculations, which involved complex and difficult mathematics or
time-consuming, tedious and repetitive, numerical calculations. For example
，
calculating the trajectory of artillery shells requires resolving a set of differential
equations in a few seconds or designing a large dam involves resolving sets of
simultaneous algebraic equations which may have up to hundreds of variables may
take mathematicians years, but can be done by a computer program in hours.
2. Data Processing .Computers have been widely used in data processing, for
example, accounting, statistics, census. The operations involved are very simple
-addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but the amount of data is
overwhelming, beyond human capability and patience. Database
products, for
instance,Lotus-1,2,3,provide the user formal data structures for
sorting,categorizing,storing,accessing,retrieving data.With database softwareequipped,
the computer can handle data to thesatisfaction of user.
3. CAD and CAM.
CAD (computer-aided Design) is software that help
engineers in their designs for new products, buildings, print circuit boards, civil works
like bridges and airports, relieving them from the tedious, back-breaking and
time-consuming jobs like drafting and drawing. When embarking on their designs,
engineers frequently make reference into various manuals listed in which are details
of structures, parts, materials and auxiliary materials ready for designer's choice for
their designs.
CAD products incorporate the content of all these manuals into a
series of libraries in the software product, providing the engineers with information,
for instance, names, dimensions, functions, performance, specifications, shapes, color,
manufactures, prices of the machines, parts, components, tools, materials, etc. - all
necessary for engineering designs.
CAM (Computer-aided Manufacture) is software helping engineers to analyze a
product or a project, and give advice for manufacturing it or constructing it. Data
diagrams, tables, etc. showing its shape, dimension, structure, fabrication and the
material it is made from are input as the software requires. Then it will give out
suggestions about its manufacturing, for instance, machining procedure, machine
tools and facilities to be used, technical parameters like allowance for finish,
machining accuracy, as well as special processings.
4. Management
.Management is one of the decisive factors that tell success or
failure of any bank, corporation, firm, university, research institute in competition.
Management is a comprehensive technique, involving every aspect of the unit - task
(products, inventions, creations, patents), personnel (administrators, clerks,
technicians, servants), finance, real estate, equipment, etc. Computerized management
is software designed to provide tools for management in any profession, for example,
regulation of personnel, accounting, sales, inventory, taxation, wages, etc. Every kind
of software embodies the up to-data theory and method in profession, and is rather
easy to learn. More and more management software products emerge, taking the place
of human managers.
5. Computerized Communication
.Progress in this field began in the early
1960s, when we witnessed the problem of connecting remote user terminals to central
computer facilities. The solution to that problem were then based on asynchronous
low-speed lines organized in either a startopology with a line dedicated to each
terminal, or a tree topology with multidrop lines. By the end of the 60s, the field had
made a major leap with the advent of distributed resource-sharing networks. The goal
was to interconnect computers and their users at various geographically distributed
sites in order to allow the sharing, by all users connected to the network, of hardware
and software resources developed at any of the sites. The most prominent example of
such a network is ARPANET, which began implementation in 1969.
A radio-based terminal-access network called the ALOHA system was built at
the University of Hawaii in 1970.Satellite transponder in the INTERNET equipped
with a global coverage antenna can transmit data using the ground stations, thus
achieving full connectivity among them. Optics-fiber cables connecting remote user
terminals to central computer facilities can transmit data, graphs, video and audio
signals better than any existing networks.
6. Advanced Applications
. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subdivision of
computer science. Its purpose is to develop theory and method to create
“intelligent"”computer programs that work in a human
-like way, rather than
subjecting human users to the stereotyped computer-dominated working style. In a
sense of analogy, human intelligence is added to computer programs which then
exhibit more intelligent behavior and more extensive ability, for example, thinking
and reasoning, acquiring knowledge and applying it to solving more complex and
difficult problems that present computers can't.
Expert systems are the most successful example of AI. An expert system
oriented to a specific profession works like a human expert of that field and provides
advice to solving the problem proposed by the user. Expertise is derived and
organized in its knowledge base ready for the user to retrieve. Today, many expert
systems have been commercially available, and more are under development.
Knowledge Engineering is another subject of AI. Knowledge engineering is
devoted to the study of mimicking the human mind by computer programs,
particularly to the simulation of its ability to obtain and applying knowledge. In other
words
，
knowledge engineering tends to create computers that can learn, that is, can
enlarge its own storage of
knowledge by itself.
Computer vision is another application for AI. Computer vision is the use of
computers to analyze and evaluate visual information; in other words, computers that
can see. A computer vision system can extract key features from visual information of,
say, photographs, pictures, scenes, etc, to identify or distinguish objects that have
been definitely categorized in computer programs. This system can work more
efficiently than human eyes. For example, examing aerial photographs to identify
specific objects, say, missiles, bombers, warships, can help commander-in-chief make
his decisions at battlefield.
Education can be another application of AI. Unlike traditional CBT (Computer
Based Training), artificial intelligent CBT can adjust its tutorial to the students'
knowledge, experience, strengths, and weaknesses. As a result, artificial intelligent
CBT is far more effective than conventional CBT.
追问
谢谢啊，只是有点少吧。
追答
你到百度搜1、The Applications of Computers 下面是第二点的
With the development of science and technology, people depend more and more heavily on the computer. Then how does the computer affect our life?
On the one hand, it can be very helpful to people who need it and treat it corTectly. The computer can broaden our knowledge about the world. It can also help us learn more about many fields of studies quickly: science, medicine, arts and so on. It is very convenient to people who are busy with their jobs, and has brought about many positive changes in our lives.
On the other hand, the computer may bring about some negative changes. For example, many children become so addicted to computer games that they stay up late frequently and even neglect their studles. Another disadvantage is that computer's radiation is harmful to people's eyes, especially to children's.
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