Question

英语神人 请帮我看下句子 是关于英语语法的~~！！

The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.

请问 这里的 as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.
是做 hypotheses的定语么？ 请帮我解释下
还有 这最后面的 upon impact 是什么意思？

Answer 1

简化句子如下(稍有改写，方便你理解)：
The possibility has given rise to a hypothese of a star making other bodies fall to Earth...

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such hypotheses as that of a companion star...
=> that 指代的就是前面的 hypothesis. 你可以改写成 ...has given rise to hypotheses such as a hypothesis of ...
所以，后面那一大截都是hypotheses的定语。
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upon impact 的意思是：“一旦撞击”
upon=on 表示“一旦”的意思。

句意：……有一种假设是：伴星的运行轨道很长，使得其他天体不得不偏移自身的正常轨道，其中一部分被迫变成流星坠向地球，并且在撞击的一瞬间产生大范围的杀伤力。

Answer 2

我的理解是such as句型，hypotheses 和
that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.是同位的关系。

upon impact冲击，可理解为by the impact

如有问题，请及时指正。

Answer 3

这里的that是前面such。。。as的宾语成分。整句的主语是The possibility，谓语是has given rise to ，宾语是hypotheses 。
简单翻译一下：（生物）大灭绝周期性发生的可能性导致一个假说的产生，那就是一个长周期轨道的伴星使其他天体偏离正常轨道，并使其中一些作为流星坠落地球且由于撞击而导致大范围的灾难。
upon 由于，表示原因

Answer 4

upon impact 应该是”在受冲击时“的意思，
as引导的是一个限制性定语从句，判断标志即”such.....as"
hypotheses则是此从句的先行词