Question

哪位大神帮忙翻译一段英文文献，急需 谢啦~

2. Importance of crisis/disaster management for tourism
According to some authors the current state of the
world is directlyresponsible for an increase in disasters
and crises (Brammer, 1990; Blaikie, Cannon, Davis, &
Wisner, 1994; Berke, 1998). As Richardson (1994) notes
our environment has become a more crowded world and
as the population increases pressures such as urbanisa-
tion, the extension of human settlement, and the greater
use and dependence on technologyhave perhaps led to
an increase in disasters and crises. The globalisation of
the tourism industryhas led to a rapid expansion of
tourism businesses on an international scale in order to
expand their market share and profitability. However,
this process has also opened businesses up to a wider
set of ‘global risks’ involved in running businesses at
such a scale, as globalisation is often seen as complex
and chaotic (Jessop, 1999). Greater exposure to
political, economic, social and technological change in
countries often removed from the bases of tourism
companies requires tourism managers to effectivelydeal
with crises and disasters (often located a substantial
distance away). The world is also becoming more
interdependent and connected so that small-scale crises
in one part of the world can have a significant impact on
other parts of the world. Political instability, or the
outbreak of war in one part of the world can
dramaticallyreduce tourist travel patterns to other parts
of the world as experienced bythe Gulf War of 1991 and
the Iraq conflict in 2003. Tourism is therefore highly
susceptible to external factors and pressures in the wider
operating environment.
However, tourism is also an important economic
sector for manycountries and manydestinations are
dependent upon tourism for their growth and survival
This puts increasing pressure on managers and planners
concerned with tourism to consider the impact of crises
and disasters on the industryand develop strategies to
deal with the impacts to protect tourism business and
societyin general. There is a need to understand such
incidents and examine strategies that can be used to stop
or limit their impacts on a growing and important
industrysector. Crisis and disaster management should
be a core competencyfor tourism destination managers
as well as business managers. This paper proposes that
understanding the nature of crises and disasters is a first
step in considering how to manage and reduce the
impacts of such incidents.
3. Understanding crises and disasters
A number of authors have attempted to understand
crises and disasters byfirst defining crises and disasters,
explaining the nature of crises and disaster and their
lifecycle or anatomy to help improve our understanding
of such phenomena, and finally, by stressing the
complexityand chaotic nature of incidents which pose
challenges in managing or preventing crises or disasters.

Answer 1

2。危机对旅游业/灾害管理的重要性
根据一些作者的当前状态
世界是直接负责灾害的增加
和危机(bram,1990;布莱基没有放过任何一件芝麻小事,大炮,戴维斯&
威斯勒,1994;伯克,1998)。理查森(1994)指出
我们的环境变得更拥挤的世界
如urbanisa——随着人口增加压力
,人类居住区的扩展,更大
使用和技术可能导致的依赖
增加灾害和危机。的全球化
旅游业业达到了快速扩张
旅游企业为了在国际规模
扩大他们的市场份额和盈利能力。然而,
这个过程也打开了企业更大
的“全球风险”参与经营企业
这样的规模,随着全球化往往被视为复杂
和混乱(Jessop,1999)。更大的接触
政则团治、经济、社会和技术的变化
国家经常从旅游基地
公司要求旅游管理者有效地交易
危机和灾难(通常位于一个巨大
距离)。世界也变得更多
相互依存和联系,这样小规模的危机
在一个世界的一部分可以产生重大影响
世界的其他地方。政治不稳定,或
战争爆发在一个世界的一部分
极大地减少旅游旅游模式部分
世界上经历了1991年的海湾战争和
2003年的伊拉克战争。因此旅游业是高度
容易受到外部因素和压力大
操作环境。
然而,旅游也是一个重要的经济
部门对于国家和许多目的地
依赖于旅游业的发展和生存
这使得管理者和政策制定者们面临着越来越大的压力
关心旅游考虑危机所带来的影响
和灾难的国家发展战略
保护旅游业孙旅务和处理影响
社会大众。有一个需要理解这些
事件和研究策略,可以用来停止
或限制他们的影响越来越重要
印度河尝试部门。危机和灾害管理
是一个旅游目的地管理公司的核心竞争力
以及业务经理。本文提出,
了解危机和灾难的性质是头一遭
一步考虑如何管理和减少
此类事件的影响。
3。孙凯橘理解危机和灾难
许多作者都试图理解
危机和灾难,首先定义危机和灾难,
解释的性质和他们的危机和灾难
生命周期或解剖来帮助改善我们的理解
这样的现象,最后,通过强调
复杂性和混乱的事件造成的
挑战在管理或预防危机或灾难。