Question

跪求各位英语达人帮忙翻译！回答得好追加分！

身势语的文化差异和社会功能
美国著名社会学家Erving Goffman长期从事社交活动中人们行为方式的研究。他指出身势语具有言语无法传达的交际功能，甚至人的衣饰、气味也能显示许多微妙的信息。下面主要对两种身势语加以阐述。
（一）目光语
目光语的表义功能极为丰富细腻，目光接触是判断交际者关系亲疏的一个重要方法。不过目光接触的文化差异很大。比如信奉伊斯兰教的中东女子，就是让男子看到她的眼睛，也会被认为轻浮放荡，更不用说与之交换眼神了。再如许多美国人在外时，因为当地人盯着他们看而恼火，认为那里的人“无礼”而感到气愤。殊不知在当地这是正常的，表示“好奇”。这种文化差异造成的交际障碍只有通过不同文化间互相理解才能消除。
美国社会心理学家Michael Argyle发现：彼此喜欢的人比那些冷漠或不友好的人之间有更多的目光交流，而且注视的时间越长，越有可能是听话者对讲话者本人而不是对所谈的话题更感兴趣。交际中眼睑下垂一般表示卑微、顺从或者窘迫，目光游走表示厌烦不满。女性倾向于更多的目光交流，在女人之间尤其如此。但是，太长时间的眼神交流总会令人很不自在。大多数人在很强烈的眼神凝视下会变得紧张不安，因而很不舒服。总盯着别人看通常使人反感，令人觉得受到了侵犯或挑衅，决不会给人留下真诚的印象。
芝加哥大学Eckhard Hess博士的研究表明：真正的激情或兴趣能从人的眼神显示出来，人的瞳孔扩大往往与令人愉快、满足的经历有关。情人眼里的特殊“火花”未必是幻觉，因为爱情的确能使瞳孔放大。有时觉得某人热情、友好，恰是对于其目光语(瞳孔放大)作出的自然反应。
（二）体触语
在空间习惯方面，交际双方的体触行为的次数与程度往往因文化而异，体触行为只能发生在亲近距离和个人距离之内。在亲近距离内，人们能够相互搂抱、拥抱、亲吻、爱抚。在个人距离内，可以相互触摸、拉手、审视对方面部的细微表情。
当众拥抱是身体接触中的常见形式，一般是在夫妻、亲朋久别重逢时发生。在许多国家，两个女性见面拥抱亲热也是常事。英美等英语国家的女性常以轻轻拥抱男性并亲对方的面颊以示再见。在东亚多数国家和英语国家，男性之间表示欢迎时只是握握手，很少拥抱，日本人更是习惯深鞠躬以表示欢迎。在阿拉伯、俄国、法国、东欧和地中海沿岸的一些国家，两个男性往往热烈拥抱、亲吻双颊表示欢迎，有些拉美国家也是如此。
在中国，往往看到同性青少年交往中手拉手、肩靠肩、搂腰、拥抱，同性间一块跳舞也很常见。而在讲英语国家，同性男女身体接触是个微妙的问题。一般过了童年期，同性就不应再手拉手或一方搭在另一方肩上走路。同性一块搂抱跳舞更是罕见，因这常意味着双方是同性恋者。

身势语（体式语）：body language

目光语： Eye contact

体触语： Physical contact

恳求大家一定帮帮忙啊！回答的好可以追加分！
拒绝各种翻译软件翻译！要求绝对人工翻译！~

Answer 1

The cultural difference and social functions of the body power language
An Erving of a sociology of American Goffman is engaged in the research of the social intercourse movable middlemans behavior method over a long period of time.He points out the body power that the language has the social intercourse function that the speech can't inform, even the person's clothing, smell also can show many delicate informations.Underneath mainly to two kinds of body power the language takes in to elaborate.
( A)Vision language
The form righteousness function of the vision language is extremely abundant delicate, the vision contact is the one who judge social intercourse to relate to a close or distant friends important method.However the contiguous cultural difference of vision is very big.The woman of middle east that believe in the Islamism for example, be let the man see the her eye, also would drive think frivolous dissolute, said nothing of to exchange the look in the eyes with it.Again such as many American at outside, angry because the native son stare at they see, thinking the person there" impoliteness" but feel angry.Hardly realizing in the region this is normal, mean" very strange".The social intercourse obstacle that this kind of cultural difference result in only pass the intercultural mutual comprehension and then can remove.
American social psychologist Michael Argyle detection:The person who like each other compares of those apathetic or not friendly persons to have more vision exchanges, and time that eye is more long, more probably is obedient to talk oneself but is not to talk of topic is more interested in.In the social intercourse eyelids descend hang to mean generally humble, obey perhaps hard-pressed, the vision roves around to mean the tired of disaffection.Woman's sexual orientation in more vision exchanges, particularly such between the woman.But, the too long-playing look in the eyes communicate total will make the person very uneasiness.The most people stares at in the very strong look in the eyes under will become nervous uneasy, as a result very uncomfortable.Total stare at the other people to see usually make the person bad impression, it made person feel to be subjected to infringe upon or challenge, the impression that leave sincerity for person by no means.
The research enunciation of the University of Chicago Eckhard Hess Doctor:The real intense emotion or the interest abilities come out from the person's look in the eyes manifestation, the person's eye pupil extension usually has something to do with make pleased and contented career of person.Do not necessarily illusion of special" spark" in lover's eyes, because the love really can make eye pupil enlarge.Sometimes feel the someone enthusiasm, amity, just is for natural reaction that its vision language( the eye pupil enlarge) makes.
( Two)The body touches the language
Make it a rule the aspect in the space, the social intercourse both parties' body usually touch the number of times and degrees of the behavior difference because of culture, the body touch the behavior and can take place only at close close quarter and personal distanceses inside.In close close quarter, the people can embrace, embrace each other, kiss, fondle mutually.In personal distance, can touch, hold hands, examine small facial expression of the other party face mutually.
In public the embrace is a familiar form within the body contact, generally is at the husband and wife, friend are long separation heavy to meet take place.At many nations, two females meet to embrace each other warm and affectionate also is often the matter.British and American etc. English nation of female often combine by embracing each other the male lightly close the cheek of the other party with show again see.At most nations of East Asia and English nation, male of mean welcome the hour just hold the handshake, few embrace, the Japanese is also to bow deeply habitually in token of welcome.Some nations in Arabia, Russia, France, Eastern Europe and the littoral in Mediterranean, two males usually embrace each other, kiss a pair of cheekses to mean warmly welcome, some pull the American house also is such.
At China, usually see the same sex, the teenager holds hands in the association, the shoulder depends the shoulder and hugs the waist and embraces each other, same sex a cake of dance also very familiar.But at speak English nation, the same sex men and women's body contact is a delicate problem.Led the childhood period generally, the same sex shouldn't hold hands again or a square take at another one square shoulder up walk.The same sex a cake of cuddle dancing is also rare, often meaning because of this that both parties the one who are same sexes to love.
可以吗？

Answer 2

Body language of cultural differences and social functions
American sociologist Erving Goffman long been engaged in social activities in the way of people's behavior. He pointed out that body language has words can not convey the communication function, or even the clothing, the smell can also show that many delicate information. Below the two main body language to be elaborated.
(A) vision language
Table-sighted language is extremely rich delicate features, eye contact is the judgement of Communication to the affinities between an important way. But eye contact of the great cultural differences. For example, Muslim women in the Middle East, is to let the men see her eyes, will be considered frivolous debauchery, not to mention the exchange with the eyes. Another example of many Americans overseas, because people stare at them and annoyed to see that there were "rude" and feel angry. As everyone knows the ground This is normal and that "out of curiosity." Such cultural differences create barriers to the communication is only through mutual understanding between different cultures can be eliminated.
U.S. social psychologist Michael Argyle found that: people who like each other than those indifferent or unfriendly people between the eyes have more exchanges, but the longer the time to watch, the more likely is obedient to the speech himself rather than on Are talking about more interested in the topic. Communication blepharoptosis general said that humble, obedient, or distress, tired eyes migration that dissatisfaction. Women tend to look more exchanges, especially between the women. However, the eyes too long exchange of the Federation was very uncomfortable. Most people in a very strong under the gaze of the eyes will become nervous and therefore very uncomfortable. The others can usually focused on the offensive, the impression that has been violated or provocation, and never give people the impression left in good faith.
Dr. Eckhard Hess University of Chicago study showed that: the real passion and interest from people's eyes out, the pupil to expand and often pleasant to meet the relevant experience. Valentine's eyes to the special "spark" is not an illusion, because love really can dilated pupils. Sometimes a person feel warm, friendly, and their attention is the language (dilated pupils) to the natural reaction.
(B) in contravention of the phrase
Habits in space, communication of both sides of the conflict with the frequency and extent of behavior is often due to cultural differences and, in contravention of acts can only occur in close distance and personal distance. The closest distance, Loubao people to each other, hugging and kissing and caressing. In the individual distance, you can touch each other, handle, and examine the other side of the subtle facial expressions.
Is the physical contact in public embrace of the common form, usually in couples, relatives and friends when Jiubie reunion. In many countries, the two women met affectionate hug is also routine. Britain and the United States and other English-speaking countries, women are often lightly men hugged each other and the pro-cheek to show good-bye. Most countries in East Asia and the English-speaking countries, between men welcomed at the hands of just shaking hands, hugging little, the Japanese are used to deep bow to welcome that. In the Arab, Russia, France, Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean coast, a number of countries, often the two men warmly embraced, kissed Shuangjia welcome, some Latin American countries.
In China, young people often see same-sex intercourse hand in hand, shoulder by shoulder, Lou waist, hugging and dancing is one of the same sex are common. In the English-speaking countries, homosexual men and women physical contact is a delicate issue. After a period of childhood in general, should not be hand in hand on the same side or ride the shoulders of the other party to walk. Loubao same-sex dancing is a rare, as it often means that the two sides are homosexuals.