高中英语非谓语动词讲解
1、非谓语动词高考的主要考点是什么？2、答非谓语动词题有哪些技巧？3、哪些词后面+ing那些词后面+不定式哪些词后面+完成时（举几个例子~）4、答这类题需要注意些什么问题...
1、非谓语动词高考的主要考点是什么？2、答非谓语动词题有哪些技巧？3、哪些词后面+ing那些词后面+不定式哪些词后面+完成时（举几个例子~）4、答这类题需要注意些什么问题，有哪些词是特殊的多谢各位大侠哦。。。小妹这厢有礼了~
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一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
（一）概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：
二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1．不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不
定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式：
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life
（一）概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：
二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1．不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不
定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式：
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life
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非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成，仍具有动词的性质与意义，但不能作为 动词使用的词。通常有三种形式构成： 1.由“to+动词原形”而成的不定式； 2.由“动词原形+ing”而成的现在分词或动名词； 3. 由“动词原形+ed”而成的（包括动词的不规则变化）过去分词。 非谓语基本形式及在句中的成分一览表（以 do 为例） 不定式现在分词动名词 过去分 词 一 般 式 肯 定 主动 to dodoingdoing/ 般 式 定 被动 to be donebeing donebeing donedone 式 否 定 主动 not to do not doing not doing/ 定 被动 not to be done not being done not being done / 进 行 式 肯 定 主动 to be doing /// 行 式 定 被动/ 式 否 定 主动 not to be doing 被动/ 完 成 式 肯 定 主动 to have done having donehaving done / 式 被动 to have been done having been done having been done 否 定 主动 not to have done not having done not having done 被动 not to have been done not having been done not having been done 完 成 进 行 时 肯 定 主动 to have been doing 进 行 被动/ 行 时 否 定 主动 not to have been doing 被动/ 在句中成分 主语、宾 语、定语、 表语、状 语、补语、 等除谓语之 外所有成分 定语、表语、 状语、补语 定语、表 语、宾语、 主语 定语、 表语、 状语、 补语 注意：1.过去分词就是表示完成、被动的意义，不及物动词的过去分词只表示 完成。不及物动词的不定式，现在分词和动名词没有被动式。 2.非谓语的否定式都是由“not+非谓语”构成。 ·貌似分词不做主语，宾语；动名词不做状语 一、动词不定式的主要用法 1.To finish the work on time is not easy.(作主语) 注意：动词不定式作主语时，也可以用形式主语“it” ， 即 It’s not easy to finish the work on time. His wish was to become a teacher.(作表语) There is nothing to worry about.(作定语) He ran to catch the bus. (作状语) I want to see the new film.(作宾语) He asked me to open the door.(作宾语补足语) 注意：①动词不定式在作 let,make,see,hear,feel,watch 等使役、感观动词的 宾语补足语时，不定式不带“to” 例：We often hear her sing in the next room. 但上述动词用于被动语态的句子中，动词不定式变成主语补足语，这时必须带 “to” 。 例：He was heard to sing in the next room every morning. ②动词不定式作宾语时，也可用形式宾语“it” 。 例：They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 2.动词不定式也可以和疑问词 who,what,which,whether,when,how,where 等连 用，构成不定式短语。 How to get the tickets is a question. (作主语) I wonder which to choose. (作宾语) The question is who to send the letter. (作表语) 3.for + 名词（代词）+动词不定式的复合结构 It is important for us to learn English. （作主语） It is for you to decide. (作表语) I don’t think it good for you to leave now.（作宾语） I have bought the books for you to read.（作定语）下句（作状语） They handed in the exercises just in time for the teacher to correct. 二、分词的主要用法 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词与过去分词的区别在于：现在分 词表示主动的、正在进行的动作，而及物动词的过去分词表示已经完成且被动 的动作，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成的意义。 Do you know the building being built down the street? （作定语） This is one of the buildings built in the 1960s.（作定语） *分词作定语可转换为定语从句 The news is surprising.（作表语） We are surprised at the news.（作表语） We heard her singing in the next room.（宾语补足语） I’m going to have my hair cut.（宾语补足语） *?宾语补足语在被动语态中就是主语补足语。 如：She can be heard singing in the next room.下句（状语） (While,When)Walking along the street, he met with his old friend. Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.（状语） *分词作状语可转化为状语从句或并列句。 注意： 1.分词作定语，如果是单个分词，则放在所修饰的名词之前，如：spoken English, exciting news;如果是分词短语，则要放在所修饰名词之后，如： the language spoken in this country, the boy standing there 2.分词作状语，表示原因、时间、条件时一般放在句首，如作为方式状语或伴 随状态时，放在句首句尾均可。 例：Reading the letter, she couldn’t help crying.此句分词作原因状 语； She sat at the table, reading a letter.此句分词作伴随状态。 3.分词作为时间状语时，可在分词前加上 while,when 或 on 表示“当…时候” ， 或“一…就…” 。 例：While talking with her teacher, she felt nervous. On hearing the good news, she jumped up with joy. 4.当分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。 Seeing the house on fire, he immediately ran to the phone-box. =When he saw the house on fire, he immediately ran to the phonebox. Given more time, we could do it better. =If we were given more time, we could do it better. 5.有一类动词如 interest,excite,surprise,please,disappoint,satisfy,tire 等，它们的现在分词往往用来表示事物的性质；而它们的过去分词则用来表示 人的感受。 I am very interested in the interesting story. We are all tired of such a tiring question. 6.现在分词的被动式 being done 与过去分词的区别。 现在分词的被动式 being done 表示正在进行的被动动作，而过去分词则强调已经 完成的动作或持续的被动状态。 The problem being discussed now is very important.The problem discussed yesterday was very important. 三、动名词的主要用法 动名词是由动词转化而来，在句子中起名词的作用，但又保持动词的特 征，可有自己的宾语或状语，构成动名词短语。 Swimming is my favourate sport.（作主语） Talking is easier than doing.（作主语） 注意：动名词短语作主语时也可用形式主语“it” 例如：It’s no good giving him too much money. My job is teaching English.（作表语） Seeing is believing.（作表语） He enjoys listening to the music.（作宾语） Thank you for telling me the truth.（作宾语） There is a new swimming pool in our school.（作定语） ） This kind of washing machine is out of date.（作定语） 注意：1.由物主代词或名词所有格加上动名词可以构成动名词复合结构。 例如：Do you mind my closing the door?（作宾语） ） Tom’s learning maths well helped him in doing business.（作主 语） 但通常在非正式场合，可以用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用名词普通格代替 所有格。 （这种结构在句首出现时除外。 ） Do you mind me closing the door? I remember Tom going there. 2.动名词作主语时，该主语被看作是单数；并列的动名词作主语时，被 看作为复数。 Reading is my hobby. Saying and doing are two different things. 四、非谓语动词中的几组区别 1.动名词与现在分词的区别 我的总结定语 表语 现在分词表进行|可用定语改写表主语的内容|名词的性质 动名词表性质及用途|可用 for 来代替表主语的状态及特征|形容词性质 ①作定语时的区别： 现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的人或物正在进行的动作，可以用定语 从句来改写；而动名词作定语时，表示所修饰的名词和性质及用途，不表 示动作， 可以用介词“for”来替代。 如 living cells（活细胞）=The cells which are living. living 为分词 sleeping pills（安眠药）=the pills for sleeping. sleeping 动名词 ②作表语时的区别： 动名词作表语表示主语的内容，具有名词的性质；而现在分词作表语则表 示主语的状态及特征，具有形容词性质。 如 My hobby is collecting stamps.（作动名词，也可以说成 Collecting stamps is my hobby.） His hobby is interesting.（作现在分词，interesting 具形容词性，此 句主语和表语不能倒过来讲。 ） 2.不定式与分词的区别： 过去分词动作完成总结 不定式动作未做状语表原因、目的、结果宾补时，表动作的完成 现在分词动作进行状语表时间、原因、条件、方式、让步、伴 随 宾补时，表动作的进行 ①定式与分词作定语时的区别： The meeting held last week is very important.（过去分词 held 作定 语，表示动作已完成） The meeting being held is very important.（现在分词〔被动式〕作定 语，表示动作正在进行） The meeting to be held next week is very important.（不定式〔被动 式〕 “to be held”作定语，表示未来将发生的动作。 ） ②不定式与分词作状语时的区别： 不定式一般可作 原因、目的和结果状语，而分词可作 时间、原因、条件、 方式、让步、伴随等状语。但都需要注意句子的谓语动词与不定式、分词 的逻辑主语的统一。 1 In order to catch the bus, he ran faster. He ran faster so as to catch the bus. 注意:in order to, so as to, in an effort to 等表示目的，注意 so as to 只能放在句尾，而 in order to 句尾、句首都可放。 2 She is such a lovely girl as to be loved by everyone. He was too excited to say a word. so…as to, such…as to, enough to, too…to 等表示结果或程度。 3 Watching the film, she was moved to tears.（时间状语） =When(While) she was watching the film, she was moved to tears. Not having been there before, he got lost in the street.原因状 语 ＝As he had not been there before, he got lost in the street. 分词所作的时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随等状语,可以改成成各自的状语从 句。 only 注意：only+分词与 only+不定式的区别 “only+现在分词”的意思是结果只是； “only+不定式”意思是想不到、 反而并没有料到的结果。 He lifted a rock only to drop on his own foot. He died, only leaving debts. ③不定式与分词作宾补时的区别： 不定式作宾补表示动作已经完成，强调动作发生过的这一事实，强调由此 行动而产生的结果；而现在分词作宾补强调动作的过程即动作正在进行。 I found him coming into the building. =I saw that he was coming into the building. I found him come into the building. =He came into the building, and I saw that. 注意：如在句子中出现 often、seldom、usually 等频度副词，表示动作的经 常性，而不是动作正在进行，所以通常用动词不定式。 ↖(^ω^)↗ 3.不定式与动名词的区别： ①从含义上不定式表示具体某一次的动作，而动名词表示比较抽象的一般行 为、习惯。 Saving money is important. To save money now is impossible. My favourate sport is skating. The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation. I love swimming, but I don’t love to swim in this dirty river. 注意：当 表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也 要用不定式。 例如：To live is to struggle. Seeing is believing. ②关于不定式与动名词在用法上的几点规定 4 只能用不定式的单词或词组（句型） ⑴It is important, It is necessary, It is fitting, It is advisable……等“It is+adj.+(for sb./of sb.)+不定式”的句型中 ⑵在动词 decide, wish, hope, promise, manage, arrange, choose, plan, desire, learn, want, ask, intend, attempt 等后用不定式作 宾语 ⑶疑问词加上不定式结构，如 what to do, when to go, where to stay 等 ⑷在介词 but, except, than, besides 等后面，用不定式作宾语 注意：当在 but, except, besides 介词前有一个实意动词“do”时，用不带 “to”的不定式。 I have no choice but to stay.无实意动词“do”用带“to”不定式 I have nothing to do but wait.有实意动词“do”不带“to”不定式 注意：不定式不能直接做动词 order, warn, invite 等的宾语，只能做这些动 词的宾语补足语。即 order sb. to do/warn sb. to do 等 5 只能用动名词的单词或词组（句型） ⑴在 It’s no use doing, It’s no good doing, It’s a waste of time doing 等句型用动名词。 ⑵在动词 suggest, avoid, enjoy, admit, consider, escape, excuse, permit, allow, finish, mind, practise, risk, miss, advise, imagine 等动词后面用动名词作宾语。 ⑶在词组：can’t help, can’t stand, burst out, give up, feel like, keep on, set about, object to, be used to, devote to, look forward to, stick to, pay attention to, insist on, persist in 等后面用动名词作宾语。 注意：permit, avoid, risk, allow, advise, forbid 等动词后带宾语补足语 时只能用动词不定式。 例如：The teacher advised reading more books.（advise+宾语） The teacher advised us to read more books.（advise+sb+宾语补 足语） You shouldn’t risk doing that.（risk+宾语） You shouldn’t risk your life to do that.（risk+sb+宾语补足 语） 6 既能用不定式，又能用动名词的单词有： begin, start, continue, afford, propose, cease 等 7 用不定式作宾语表示具体一次动作；用动名词作宾语表示一贯爱好，倾 向的单词有：hate, love, like, prefer 等 8 用动名词作宾语以主动表示被动；用不定式的被动式作宾语表示被动， 在含义上完全相同，这些单词是：want, need, require 例：The bike needs repairing. =The bike needs to be repaired.（这辆自行车需要被修理。 ） The dininghall wants cleaning. =The dininghall wants to be cleaned.（这个仓库需要被打 扫。 ） 9 不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语意义完全不同的单词 ⑴remember+to do 记得要去做某事，动作还未发生。 remember+doing 记得做过某事，动作已经发生。 且 remember doing=remember having done Please remember to lock the door when you leave. I remember giving him a birthday present last year. ⑵forget+to do 忘记要去做某事，动作没有去做。 forget+doing 忘记做过某事，动作已经发生，但忘记所做的事。 且 forget doing=forget having done I forgot to post the letter.（我忘记寄信了。 ） I forgot closing the door.（我忘记把门关掉这件事。 ）⑶regret+to do 对要发生的事表 示抱歉、遗憾，事情还未做。 regret+doing 对于发生过的事表示后悔。 且 regret doing=regret having done I regret to say there is no wine in the bottle. Tom regrets having told Mary the sad news. ⑷stop+to do 停下正在干的事，转而去做另一件事。 stop+doing 停下手上正在干的事。 Tom stopped to have a rest.（Tom 停下来休息一会儿。 ） When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking. ⑸try+to do 设法、努力、尽力去做某事； try+doing 尝试做某事。 He tried to win the first prize.（他尽力想得第一。 ） Since no one answered at the front door, he tried knocking at the back door. ⑹mean+to do 打算，有意图去做某事；mean+doing 意味着，意思是 I had meant to call you, but I forgot your phone number. Missing the bus means waiting for another hour. 4.分词的独立主格结构。 在分词作状语时，一个十分关键的问题是分词的逻辑主语必须与句子 的主语相一致。但有时候为了表达更清楚，主语无法统一的时候，可 以在分词前加上相应的逻辑主语，这种结构就称为分词的独立主格结 构。 分词的独立主格的基本结构是： 名词（代词）+现在分词 名词（代词）+过去分词 The meeting being over, they all went out of the hall. All things considered, his composition is quit satisfactory. 注意：在独立主格中使用过去分词还是现在分词，要看逻辑主语，与 逻辑主语的关系是主谓就用现在分词；与逻辑主语是动宾关系则用过 去分词。我看即被动和主动关系
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非谓语动词十大实用解题原则
非谓语动词主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三种形式，可是其用法非常广泛，它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点，而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法，笔者在教学实践中总结出十二条实用的解题原则，并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则，相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。
原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接，如果没有连词连接，则需要用非谓语动词。
原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，无宾语时用-ed形式。
原则三、being done 表示“正在被”，一般不作状语，只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前。
原则四、非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来用-to do，表正在进行用-ing，表示已经完成用-ed。
原则五、介词后跟-ing形式，可以在-ing前加逻辑主语。
原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语，-ed形式则不可以。
原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语。
原则八、非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致，和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式，构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。
原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种：目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语（表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式）。另外，某些形容词（表喜、怒、哀、乐）做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因。
原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加not，有not to do, not doing, not having done, not to have done几种形式。
非谓语动词主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三种形式，可是其用法非常广泛，它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点，而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法，笔者在教学实践中总结出十二条实用的解题原则，并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则，相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。
原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接，如果没有连词连接，则需要用非谓语动词。
原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，无宾语时用-ed形式。
原则三、being done 表示“正在被”，一般不作状语，只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前。
原则四、非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来用-to do，表正在进行用-ing，表示已经完成用-ed。
原则五、介词后跟-ing形式，可以在-ing前加逻辑主语。
原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语，-ed形式则不可以。
原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语。
原则八、非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致，和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式，构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。
原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种：目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语（表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式）。另外，某些形容词（表喜、怒、哀、乐）做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因。
原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加not，有not to do, not doing, not having done, not to have done几种形式。
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