Question

翻译高手请进！

请将下面的中文翻译成英文！
Nida所构建的翻译模式基本表现了成分之间的相互作用,但没有揭示译者在翻译时所经历的心理过程,没有揭示译者是如何分析原语文本,如何将它们转换成译语文本[6],更没有考虑到翻译过程中必然会遇到的语境问题。Verschueren的语用顺应论弥补了这些方面的缺憾。
为了较好的审视翻译的全过程,借助Verschueren的语用顺应论中的观点,笔者构建了翻译流程图(图3)并说明如下:
在翻译过程中,翻译的主体包括:作者、译者和目标读者。其中,作者和目标读者都是隐性主体,并不直接参与翻译活动。对翻译主体——译者的行为制约因素包括交际语境、结构客体、语言语境等诸多方面。结构客体是语言及语言各层次的结构及结构组成的原则。翻译中的结构客体至少涉及到原语和译语两种语言。结构客体具体可分为:(1)语言、语码、和语体的选择;(2)语言构建成分的选择,具体体现在语音、词汇、短语、分句和句子层面上;(3)语篇结构的选择。
结构客体的转换总是发生在一定的语境下。用Verschueren的话说,就是翻译中对原语语言的理解,对译语语言的表达的选择必须积极顺应具体的语境。从图3 可知,原文作者、译者、读者都受到宏观语境(百科知识、文化习俗、心理思维)的影响,并形成各自观察世界的视界。三者视界有大小不一的重合,其重合之处构成翻译相对可译性的基础,而相异之处构成翻译的难度,这是致使原文与译文难以“对等”的成因。
(二) 顺应论与翻译标准的探讨
翻译标准是翻译理论中的核心问题,也是颇有争议的问题。在古今中外对翻译标准的讨论中,翻译“对等”(equivalence)原则曾是压倒一切的原则。Jackobson于1966年在他的《翻译语言面面观》中引入了“对等”这个术语;Nida在《翻译科学探索》中提出了形式等值(formal equivalence)和动态等值(dynamic equivalence)概念。其中动态等值在1986年改为功能效应;英国学者Mona Baker在她的《换言之:翻译教程》中用“对等”贯穿始终。然而,越来越多的学者对翻译的对等原则提出了质疑。
Peter Newmark指出:“等效只是一种理想的效果,而不是翻译的目的。”[7]斯内尔霍比(Snell Hornby)也认为:“对等不适合作为翻译理论的概念之一。这个术语除了不精确的定义错误外,呈现出语言间对称的幻觉,而实际上语言间除了大致相似外,对等是不可能存在的。‘对等’的提出歪曲了翻译的基本问题。”[8]在顺应论的框架下,翻译活动可以粗略地描写为图4所示的连续过程:

Answer 1

专业翻译：
The translation mode that Nida constructed has basically displayed the interaction between the compositions, but has not announced translator's mental processes gone through while translating, has not announced how a translator originally analyzes original Chinese, how to change them into to originally translate Chinese [6 ], have not considered even more that translates the linguistic context question that will inevitablely meet in the course. The language of Verschueren has talked about remedying the shortcoming of these respects by complying with. Translated the whole course for better close examination, by complying with the view in talking about through the language of Verschueren, I construct and translate the flow diagram (Fig. 3) and prove as follows: In the course of translating, the subject translated includes: Author, translator and goal reader. Among them, author and goal reader are all recessive subjects, do not participate in the activity of translating directly. To the subject of translating --The translator's behavioral restriction factor includes a great deal of respects such as communication linguistic context, structural object, language linguistic context. The structural object is the principle that language and language structure and structure of every level make up. Involve the original language and translate two languages of language at least in structural object while translating. It can be divided into that the structural object is concrete: (1)Language, language yard, and choice of the type of writing; (2)Construct and build up a choice divided, reflect in the pronunciation, vocabulary, phrase, phrase and sentence aspect specifically in language; (3)Choice of the page structure of the language. The conversion of the structural object is to take place under certain linguistic context. Use Verschue The sentence of ren is said, but the understanding of original language language while translating, must comply with the concrete linguistic context to the choice of expression of translating language language actively. Can know, original text author, translator, reader are all influenced by macroscopical linguistic context (encyclopaedic knowledge, cultural custom, psychological thinking) from Fig. 3, form and observe the world view each. The three view has coincidence not of uniform size, its coincident place forms the foundation of translating relative translatability, and the different place form difficulty translated, this is causing original text and translation difficult with " reciprocal " cause. (2) It is the key question in the translation theory to comply with in terms of translating the standard with the discussion which translates the standard, it is a quite disputable question too. To while translating the discussion of the standard at all times and in all lands, the principle was once an overwhelming principle to translate " reciprocally " (equivalence). Jackobson introduced this term" reciprocally " in his " translating the language views " in 1966; Nida has put forward the form equivalence (formal equivalence) and dynamic equivalence (dynamic equivalence) concept in " translating Science Explorations ". Among them dynamic equivalence changed into a function effect in 1986; British in her in Mona Baker in scholar ' in other words: Translate by study course>> in spend being " the reciprocal " it carry throughout. However, more and more scholars have queried reciprocal principle translated. Peter Newmark points out : "The equivalent is only a kind of ideal result, but not the purpose of the translation. "[7]Snell Huo thinks too more than (Snell Hornby): "The reciprocity is unsuitable to be regarded as one of the concepts of the translation theory. This term demonstrates the symmetrical illusion among languages besides definition mistake of the inaccuracy, and language except that roughly similar in fact, it is impossible for reciprocity to exist. ' reciprocal proposition ' has distorted the basic question translated. "[8]Under complying with the frame that is talked about, the interpreter activity can regard describing the continuous course illustrated in Fig. roughly as:

谢谢……

Answer 2

你就是给100分人家也不会给你翻译，这是很专业的东西。要是有这个翻译能力，那那人就自己接翻译的活挣钱了，何苦花时间在这里挣那没有实用价值的100分？

Answer 3

Nida Construction of the translation by the performance of the basic mode of interaction between the components, but did not reveal when the translator experienced in the translation of the psychological process, did not reveal how the translator of the original languages, how will they translate into the language of this [ 6], not taking into account the translation process will inevitably encounter in the Context of the problem. Verschueren conform to the use of the phrase made up for the deficiencies in these areas.
In order to better look at the whole process of translation, the language used by Verschueren conform to the views of the authors build a translation flow chart (Figure 3) and described as follows:
In the translation process, the translation of the main include: author, translator and target audiences. The authors and readers are hidden main goal is not directly involved in the translation activities. The translation of the main - the translator of constraints including communication context, the object structure, language, and many other aspects of Context. The object is the structure of language and language at all levels of the structure and composition of the principle. Translation of the structure of the object at least related to the original language and translated the phrase two languages. The specific structure of the object can be divided into: (1) language, code, and the language of choice (2) Construction of components of language choice, the concrete manifestation of voice, vocabulary, phrases, sentences and the clause level, (3) language Chapter of choice.
Conversion is always the structure of the object in a certain context. By Verschueren said, is the translation of the phrase in the language of the original understanding of the target language the language of choice must be actively comply with the specific context. From Figure 3 indicates that the original author, translator, readers are subject to the macro context (encyclopedia of knowledge, cultural practices, psychological thinking) the impact and form their own vision of the world. Horizon has three sizes of coincidence, the coincidence of the relative translation can constitute the basis of the translation, and translation differences in the composition of the difficulty, this is the original result and asked to "equal" the cause.
(B) conform to the standards of the translation of
Translation standards of translation theory is the core issue, but also quite controversial issue. In ancient and modern standards of the translation of the discussion, the translation of "reciprocity" (equivalence) is the overriding principle was the principle. Jackobson in 1966 in his "Aspects of language translation," the introduction of a "reciprocal" the term; Nida in the "scientific exploration of translation" in the form of equivalent (formal equivalence) and the dynamic equivalent (dynamic equivalence) concept. One dynamic equivalent in 1986 to function effect; British scholar Mona Baker in her "In other words: Translation," the word "reciprocity" has always run through. However, a growing number of scholars to translate the principle of reciprocity was questioned.
Peter Newmark said: "equivalent is only a desired result, rather than the purpose of translation." [7] Sineierhuo than (Snell Hornby) also said: "such as not suitable as a translation of the concept of one. This In addition to the imprecise definition of the term wrong, showing a symmetry between the illusion of language, in fact, in addition to inter-language broadly similar, and so it is impossible to exist. 'Equal' to the distortions in the basic problems of translation. "[ 8] in the framework of the follow on, translation activities can be roughly described as shown in Figure 4 of the continuous process