谁能帮我翻译这篇文章啊?急用,谢谢!
Forcollectivebargainingweusednationalunioncoverage,sincecountrieslikeFrancehavelowuni...
For collective bargaining we used national union coverage,
since countries like France have low unionization rates but a high percentage
of coverage via the collective bargaining agreements for workers who do not belong to a union.
Since unions and works councils both influence
the ability of managers to make decisions, we used a measure of the interaction
of intensity of mandated employee representation in the country and
the level of unionization For our labor relations law index, we used an international index that
includes laws on collective bargaining, workers’ participation in the company’s
management, and collective disputes, which are then aggregated into
one index 。As part of our measures of the industrial
relations system, we presented the level of bargaining centralization and
coordination, which reflects whether there is establishment, local or
national wage bargaining in a manner developed by Calmfors and Driffill
Since we assume that countries with similar industrial relations
systems may want to invest in nations that have similar or complementary
industrial relations systems, we controlled for this interaction by adding a
dummy variable for whether the sending and host nations have in the same
quintile in the industrial relations system using the summated rating scale.
Using maximum likelihood estimation techniques produces a value
normed at zero for the Rasch value of the industrial relations system. Our
estimates for the partial credit model for the Rasch approach found results
that are consistent with this scaling approach.
Since there is no overriding
statistical or theoretical reason to use only one approach, we presented both
the summated rating scale and the Rasch values in most of our analysis.
Statistically, these measures of the industrial relations system are highly
correlated. For the composite index measure we found that Cronbach’s
alpha measure of the intercorrelation of the industrial relations variables
was 0.74, which was well beyond the acceptable statistical threshold of 0.60
for the intercorrelation of these variables 。
Table 2 shows the simple correlations of the industrial relations system variables. They are
generally highly correlated, except for the labor law index. We nevertheless
included the variable since it has theoretical importance for the industrial
relations system and is likely to impact FDI decisions.
Industrial Relations Institutions, Income Inequality, and FDI
Figure 1 shows the basic country relationships between our measures of
industrial relations institutions and income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficients. The measure of the industrial relations system is the summated
ratings’ value for each nation. Consistent with findings in other studies, the
slope of the line is negative, suggesting that numerous and more intense
levels of industrial relations institutions are associated with less inequality
in the country . 展开
since countries like France have low unionization rates but a high percentage
of coverage via the collective bargaining agreements for workers who do not belong to a union.
Since unions and works councils both influence
the ability of managers to make decisions, we used a measure of the interaction
of intensity of mandated employee representation in the country and
the level of unionization For our labor relations law index, we used an international index that
includes laws on collective bargaining, workers’ participation in the company’s
management, and collective disputes, which are then aggregated into
one index 。As part of our measures of the industrial
relations system, we presented the level of bargaining centralization and
coordination, which reflects whether there is establishment, local or
national wage bargaining in a manner developed by Calmfors and Driffill
Since we assume that countries with similar industrial relations
systems may want to invest in nations that have similar or complementary
industrial relations systems, we controlled for this interaction by adding a
dummy variable for whether the sending and host nations have in the same
quintile in the industrial relations system using the summated rating scale.
Using maximum likelihood estimation techniques produces a value
normed at zero for the Rasch value of the industrial relations system. Our
estimates for the partial credit model for the Rasch approach found results
that are consistent with this scaling approach.
Since there is no overriding
statistical or theoretical reason to use only one approach, we presented both
the summated rating scale and the Rasch values in most of our analysis.
Statistically, these measures of the industrial relations system are highly
correlated. For the composite index measure we found that Cronbach’s
alpha measure of the intercorrelation of the industrial relations variables
was 0.74, which was well beyond the acceptable statistical threshold of 0.60
for the intercorrelation of these variables 。
Table 2 shows the simple correlations of the industrial relations system variables. They are
generally highly correlated, except for the labor law index. We nevertheless
included the variable since it has theoretical importance for the industrial
relations system and is likely to impact FDI decisions.
Industrial Relations Institutions, Income Inequality, and FDI
Figure 1 shows the basic country relationships between our measures of
industrial relations institutions and income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficients. The measure of the industrial relations system is the summated
ratings’ value for each nation. Consistent with findings in other studies, the
slope of the line is negative, suggesting that numerous and more intense
levels of industrial relations institutions are associated with less inequality
in the country . 展开
展开全部
虽然可能带来巨大的悬崖跳水
兴奋,这是一个非常危险的运动,人们应该小心。它
是完全错误的认为潜水员的缓冲水below-this可能不会进一步从真相。
当从一跳悬崖,高70英尺,撞水潜水员
超过46英里(英里每小时)。如此高的速度,使联络点感觉
如壁,所以潜水技能是非常重要的。
专业潜水训练和精心准备的
做动作。然而,非专业人士不应该因为跳水运动员身体姿势(体位)的时候,接触水
非常的
重要的是他或她的安全。因为
大的危险,潜水员应该认真考虑他们的技能
在尝试任何动作。
虽然没有真正安全的方式跳
下悬崖,鼓励专业潜水员
铅笔潜水。做一个铅笔的潜水,
跳线的飞跃,他们的脚先下悬崖,保持手臂在
两侧腿一起指向
向下的。潜水员应保持身体的紧张和垂直
(垂直的)。这是安全的,因为它使联络点时
运动员入水,减少身体的压力。
穿着潜水衣潜水时会导致
在不到疼痛。所以这是明智的,新的潜水员穿湿
套装。但专业潜水员建议
远离水鞋。虽然穿着鞋看起来很
想法,他们实际上增加力量的影响,因为它们增加表面积的潜水员的影响。本
增加力量的影响,强调了运动员的身体和可能导致破碎
骨头。毫无疑问,潜水无鞋是更安全的方法
去。
除了身高,速度,深度和
身体的位置,同样重要的是,潜水员能作出明智的决定,当他们
想潜水。悬崖跳水考验一个人的身体和
心智技能,
所以这不是一个好主意,跳一个突然的想法。一个人需要有
健全的精神和身体健康甚至想潜水。一个人不应该尝试
如果他喝了酒,潜水。更重要的是,一个人不应该让别人
谁不是100%信心潜水。
兴奋,这是一个非常危险的运动,人们应该小心。它
是完全错误的认为潜水员的缓冲水below-this可能不会进一步从真相。
当从一跳悬崖,高70英尺,撞水潜水员
超过46英里(英里每小时)。如此高的速度,使联络点感觉
如壁,所以潜水技能是非常重要的。
专业潜水训练和精心准备的
做动作。然而,非专业人士不应该因为跳水运动员身体姿势(体位)的时候,接触水
非常的
重要的是他或她的安全。因为
大的危险,潜水员应该认真考虑他们的技能
在尝试任何动作。
虽然没有真正安全的方式跳
下悬崖,鼓励专业潜水员
铅笔潜水。做一个铅笔的潜水,
跳线的飞跃,他们的脚先下悬崖,保持手臂在
两侧腿一起指向
向下的。潜水员应保持身体的紧张和垂直
(垂直的)。这是安全的,因为它使联络点时
运动员入水,减少身体的压力。
穿着潜水衣潜水时会导致
在不到疼痛。所以这是明智的,新的潜水员穿湿
套装。但专业潜水员建议
远离水鞋。虽然穿着鞋看起来很
想法,他们实际上增加力量的影响,因为它们增加表面积的潜水员的影响。本
增加力量的影响,强调了运动员的身体和可能导致破碎
骨头。毫无疑问,潜水无鞋是更安全的方法
去。
除了身高,速度,深度和
身体的位置,同样重要的是,潜水员能作出明智的决定,当他们
想潜水。悬崖跳水考验一个人的身体和
心智技能,
所以这不是一个好主意,跳一个突然的想法。一个人需要有
健全的精神和身体健康甚至想潜水。一个人不应该尝试
如果他喝了酒,潜水。更重要的是,一个人不应该让别人
谁不是100%信心潜水。
展开全部
为集体议价我们使用了全国联合覆盖面
,因为国家象法国有低工会化率,但覆盖面的高
百分比通过集体议价协定为不属于联合的工作者。
因为联合会和工作委员两个影响
经理的能力做出决定,我们在国家使用了强度
要求的雇员表示法和工会化的水平的互作用的
措施为我们的劳资关系法律索引,我们使用了在集体议价
,工作者’参与公司的管理和集体争执
包括法律,然后被聚集入一个索引的一个
国际索引。作为我们的措施工业一部分 联系系统,我们提出了讲价的集中化的水平,并且协调,反射是否有创立,地方或全国有些薪水谈判由Calmfors和Driffill开发了,因为我们假设,有相似的工业关系的国家 系统也许想要在有相似或补全工业关系系统的国家投资,我们为这互作用控制了通过增加一个假设变量为送和东道国是否有在同样quintile在工业关系系统使用被总计的等级量表。 使用最大似然估计技术导致价值 normed在零工业关系系统的拉彻价值的。 我们的部份信用模型的估计拉彻方法的发现了与这种结垢方法是一致的结果。 因为没有忽略 statistical或理论原因使用一种方法,我们只提出了两
the总计了等级量表和在大多数的拉彻价值我们的分析。
Statistically,工业关系系统的这些措施高度是
correlated. 为综合指数措施我们发现了Cronbach’s 工业关系可变物的组间相关的alpha措施was 0.74,是充分超过0.60 可接受的统计门限 for这些可变物。的组间相关 表2显示工业关系系统变量的简单的交互作用。 他们是
generally高度被关联,除了劳工法索引。 然而我们
included可变物,因为它有工业的理论重要性
relations系统和可能冲击FDI决定。
Industrial联系机关、收入不平等和FDI
Figure 1显示我们的措施之间的基本的国家关系
industrial联系机关和收入不平等如测量由Gini系数。 工业关系系统的措施是被总计的 每个国家的ratings’价值。 一致与研究结果在其他研究中, 线的slope是阴性,建议更加强烈的那许多和 工业关系机关levels同较少不平等联系在一起
,因为国家象法国有低工会化率,但覆盖面的高
百分比通过集体议价协定为不属于联合的工作者。
因为联合会和工作委员两个影响
经理的能力做出决定,我们在国家使用了强度
要求的雇员表示法和工会化的水平的互作用的
措施为我们的劳资关系法律索引,我们使用了在集体议价
,工作者’参与公司的管理和集体争执
包括法律,然后被聚集入一个索引的一个
国际索引。作为我们的措施工业一部分 联系系统,我们提出了讲价的集中化的水平,并且协调,反射是否有创立,地方或全国有些薪水谈判由Calmfors和Driffill开发了,因为我们假设,有相似的工业关系的国家 系统也许想要在有相似或补全工业关系系统的国家投资,我们为这互作用控制了通过增加一个假设变量为送和东道国是否有在同样quintile在工业关系系统使用被总计的等级量表。 使用最大似然估计技术导致价值 normed在零工业关系系统的拉彻价值的。 我们的部份信用模型的估计拉彻方法的发现了与这种结垢方法是一致的结果。 因为没有忽略 statistical或理论原因使用一种方法,我们只提出了两
the总计了等级量表和在大多数的拉彻价值我们的分析。
Statistically,工业关系系统的这些措施高度是
correlated. 为综合指数措施我们发现了Cronbach’s 工业关系可变物的组间相关的alpha措施was 0.74,是充分超过0.60 可接受的统计门限 for这些可变物。的组间相关 表2显示工业关系系统变量的简单的交互作用。 他们是
generally高度被关联,除了劳工法索引。 然而我们
included可变物,因为它有工业的理论重要性
relations系统和可能冲击FDI决定。
Industrial联系机关、收入不平等和FDI
Figure 1显示我们的措施之间的基本的国家关系
industrial联系机关和收入不平等如测量由Gini系数。 工业关系系统的措施是被总计的 每个国家的ratings’价值。 一致与研究结果在其他研究中, 线的slope是阴性,建议更加强烈的那许多和 工业关系机关levels同较少不平等联系在一起
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