Question

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效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。
在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料"掏空"的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。
从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*!000r/mm和1g。 数控，机床，模具设计,数控车床，数控技术
在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密级加工中心则从3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01μm)。
在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。
为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。

轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展
采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。
当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。
在EMO2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。

Answer 1

Efficiency, and quality is the main body of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-finishing technologies can greatly increase efficiency, improve product quality and grades, and shorten the production cycle and enhance market competitiveness. To that end Japan will tip technology research as its five major modern manufacturing technology of international production Engineering Society (CIRP) be identified as the 21st century one of the studies.
In the car industry, with an annual output of 300,000 rhythms of production is 40 seconds / vehicles, but cars are more varieties processing equipment needed to be solved in one of the key problems in the field of aviation and aerospace industry, processing more for the thin-walled parts And the thin line, stiffness poor material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only high cutting speed and cutting force in small cases, can these tendons, wall processing. Recently a large overall aluminum billet "hollowed out" approach to manufacture wings, fuselage and other parts to replace large parts by a large number of rivets, screws and other means assembled links to members of the strength, stiffness and reliability Is improved. These are the proposed high-speed processing equipment, high-precision and high flexibility requirements.
EMO2001 show from the situation, high-speed processing center feed rate up to 80 m / min, or even higher, and air speed up to 100 m / min around. At present many of the world's automobile plants, including China's Shanghai General Motors Corp., have adopted a high-speed processing center of the production line some combination of alternative machine. CINCINNATI HyperMach the U.S. company's largest machine tool feed rate of 60 m / min, quick to 100 m / min, acceleration of 2 g, spindle speed has reached 60 000r/min. A thin-walled processing aircraft parts, only 30 min, and the same high-speed milling machine parts in the general processing takes 3 h, in the general processing and milling machine to be 8 h; Germany DMG's two-spindle lathe spindle speed and acceleration respectively 12 *! 000 r / mm And 1 g. CNC, machine tools, mold design, CNC lathes, CNC
In the processing precision, the past 10 years, the general level of processing precision CNC machine tools by 10 μ m to 5 μ m, Precision Machining Center from 3 ~ 5 μ m, to 1 ~ 1.5 μ m, and ultra-precision machining accuracy has begun to enter the nano - - (0.01 μ m).
The reliability of foreign NC devices MTBF value has reached more than 6 000h, the servo system MTBF value reached more than 30000 h, showing a very high reliability.
In order to achieve high-speed, high-finished, its accompanying features such as the spindle, linear motor has been the rapid development of applications to further expand.

- Axis processing and rapid development of the processing machine
Using a 5-axis three-dimensional surface of the parts processing, the best available tool for cutting geometry, not only finish high, but also substantially improve efficiency. Is generally believed that, one 5-axis machine efficiency can be equivalent to 2 sets of 3-axis machine tools, in particular the use of super-hard materials such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling cutter hardened steel parts, 5-axis processing comparable three-axis Processing to play a higher efficiency. But in the past due to 5-axis NC system, host of complex reasons, its price than the three-axis CNC machine tools is several times higher, plus the programming more difficult, and restricted the 5-axis machine tool development.
At present, due to the emergence of spindle, making 5-axis processing to achieve the main axis of the first structure greatly simplified and its manufacturing difficulties and costs significantly reduced, the NC system to narrow the price gap. Therefore promotion of the first type of spindle 5-axis machine tools and composite Machines (including 5-Machines) development.
EMO2001 in the exhibition, the new Japanese machine-processing machine used five main axis of the first to achieve four vertical plane of any point of processing and processing, making 5 of 5-axis machining processing and the same machine can be achieved, Can achieve tilt-and inverted cone-processing. German companies at DMG DMUVoution series of processing centres, a fixture in the 5-processing and 5-axis machining, CNC system can be controlled or CAD / CAM direct or indirect control.

Answer 2

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