Question

帮忙翻译一下 谢谢 英语翻译

The importance of “post-adoption innovation,” improvements that occur aftera technology has entered into use, is often used to justify a demand-pull approach. Drawing on the work of Arrow (1962) on learning-by-doing, the claims made are that (1) opportunities to make technical improvements emerge from firms’experiences in manufacturing, (2) such improvements are uniquely available from experience and cannot be substituted for by R&D investments, and (3) these types of incremental improvements are important—they account for a substantial amount of cost-reducing and performance-enhancing improvements in many technologies. For example, in the case of wind turbines, understanding the complex aerodynamics of a curved turbine blade moving through a perpendicularly flowing medium, the location-specific turbulence that turbines cast on downwind turbines, as well as the longer-term effects of the ambient environment on component materials, have been important for improving the technology and yet have proven extremely difficult to replicate in a laboratory setting. The validity of using this argument to justify demand-pull policies depends on the appropriability of the knowledge created.

Studies concerned with the effectiveness of energy technology policy reach a consensus, similar to that in the economics of innovation literature, that both types of instruments are necessary(Grübler et al., 1999; Norberg-Bohm, 1999; Requate, 2005;Horbach, 2007).

Answer 1

“后采用创新的重要性，”发生后，技术已经进入了使用改进，常被用来证明一个需求拉动的方法。画上箭头的工作（1962）在做中学，声称是（1）机遇进行技术改进，从firms'experiences制造出来，（2）这样的改进是唯一可以从经验和不可替代的研发投资，和（3）这些类型的改进重要的他们占成本的降低和性能的提高在许多技术改进了大量。例如，在风机的情况下，对弯曲叶片通过垂直流动介质的复杂的空气动力学，涡轮铸造下风涡轮机的特定位置的动荡，以及在组成材料周围环境的长期影响，为改进技术是重要的，但已被证明非常困难复制在实验室设置。使用此参数为需求拉动政策的有效性取决于知识的独占性创造。

研究关注的能源技术政策的有效性达成共识，类似于创新的经济学文献，这两种类型的仪器是必要的（GRüBLER等人。，1999；诺伯格伯姆，1999；2005；Requate，霍巴赫，2007）

Answer 2

如需编辑回答或插入图片，请点击标题到问题详情页的重要性,该创新”,改进之后发生的技术已经进入使用,经常被用来证明一个需求拉动型的方法。绘图工作的箭头(1962)在边干边学,主张的是,(1)机会使技术改进'experiences走出公司在制造、(2)这样的改进是独特的可以从经验和无法代替的研发投资,以及(3)这些类型的改进是重要的,他们占了大量的降低成本和提高成绩在许多技术改进。例如,对于风力涡轮机、理解复杂空气动力学的一个弯曲的涡轮叶片移动通过一个垂直流动介质,具体地点的湍流,涡轮机投射在顺风涡轮机,以及长期影响的环境环境对组成材料,一直很重要,但对于改进技术已被证明很难复制在实验室环境。使用这个论点的有效性证明需求拉动型的政策取决于专用性知识创造。研究关心能源技术政策的有效性达成共识,类似于经济学的创新文学,这两种类型的仪器是必要的(Grubler et al。,1999;1999;Requate Norberg-Bohm,2005;Horbach,2007)。