Question

跪求各为英语达人翻译，请不要用翻译软件翻译，谢谢，翻译的好追加分

体态语的文化差异
英国人类学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中指出,文化是一个复合的整体,其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯。文化与语言是相辅相成的,文化包含着语言,并影响着语言,而语言则是文化的重要组成部分,同时也是保存文化、交流文化和反映文化的不可缺少的工具。体态语和有声语言一样,是一定社会文化的产物,是世代相传的,都是长期历史和文化积淀而成的某一社会的共同习惯,为某一社会群体内的成员所共有,构成了该群体文化的一部分。从某种意义上说,体态语丰富了文化的内容。体态语和文化密不可分,许多体态语都是文化习得的结果,体态语的形成和效果往往都由一定的文化环境决定。在美国,男士曾经流行戴礼帽,进入社交场合,“脱帽”便成了典型的礼仪形态。然而,当代美国的男士们戴礼帽者寥寥无几,当然也不存在脱帽行礼了。体态语最重要的属性是差异性,这种差异性是不同民族、不同地域、不同时代的文化积淀的结果。不同的民族之间在体态语方面存在差异。例如中国人常以竖起大拇指表示夸奖,竖起小指表示轻蔑,但是日本民族以竖起大拇指表示“老爷子”,竖起小指则表示“情人”,在英国竖起大拇指表示要搭乘别人的车。双手举起,掌心向外,这一手势在英国表示请听众安静;在希腊则是一种侮辱性行为。中国人见面时多以握手致礼,而英美诸国的人们多用拥抱和接吻。在同一民族区域内,不同的地方在体态语方面存在一定的差异。例如:在我国大部分地区,客人接受主人的敬茶,通常恭身,双手接茶,以示谢意;而在福建、广东、广西地区,客人则用右手食指弯曲点触桌面,像叩头一样表示谢意。体态语的文化差异情况主要表现在以下几个方面:其一,同一个含义在不同的文化中有不同的体态语表达方式。例如:在宣誓时,英语国家的人是右手掌张开,右臂高高举起,有时还要将左手放在《圣经》上,也可以是右手高举《圣经》;而中国人宣誓所采用的是国际共产主义者致敬的动作,即右手紧握,手心朝外举过肩头;日本人则是右手指并拢,右手臂斜向上举起。在表示肯定或同意时,中国人通常点头,而日本的阿伊努人把双臂摆到胸前并上下摇动,马来西亚内地的黑人把头向前猛冲一下,印度的旁遮普人把头向后猛仰,斯里兰卡人将下巴以弧线向下低垂然后移向左肩,而孟加拉、保加利亚、阿尔巴尼亚和非洲某些国家中的人则把头左右摇摆,同我们表示否定或不同意时的摇头动作无多大区别。[其二,同一体态语在不同的文化中有不同的含义。这种体态语在理解和仿效中最容易出问题，我们要特别注意。

Answer 1

Body language of cultural differences
British anthropologist Taylor in "original culture" a book that is a composite culture as a whole, including knowledge, belief, art, law, ethics, customs, as well as members of society and any other access to the ability and habit. Culture and language are complementary to each other, culture includes language, and influence the language, culture and language is an important component of, but also the preservation of cultural and exchange of culture and the culture reflects an indispensable tool. Body Language and spoken language, is a product of certain socio-cultural, from generation to generation, are long-term accumulation from the history and culture of a society's common habits, as a social group within the membership total, constitute the Part of the culture of groups. In a sense, the body language of the rich cultural content. Body language and culture are inseparable, and many cultural body language acquisition are the result of the formation of body language and the results are always a certain cultural environment by the decision. In the United States, once popular men wearing Topper, into social occasions, "Tuomao" has become a typical form of etiquette. However, the contemporary American men wearing Topper are very few, of course, there is not a Tuomao salute. Body Language is the most important attribute differences, such differences are different nations, different regions, different times of cultural accumulation results. Between the different ethnic differences in body language. For example, Chinese people often use that praised thumbs up, put up little finger that stigma, but the Japanese nation that thumbs-up to "Laoye Zi," said the little finger up, "Valentine", said thumbs up in the United Kingdom to take other people's cars . Hands raised, palm outward, this gesture in the United Kingdom that please the audience quiet in Greece is a humiliating act. Met many Chinese people to shake hands Sincerely, Britain and the United States and other countries with more people embrace and kiss. In the same ethnic regions, different places in the body language there are some differences. For example: in most parts of China, the masters of Jingcha receive guests, usually Gongshen, hands to tea, to show their gratitude, and in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, the guests with his right index finger while bending point inconsistent with the desktop, the same as that kow-tow Thanks. Body language and cultural differences mainly in the following areas: First, the same meaning in different cultures have different body language expression. For example: In the oath, the English-speaking countries are Youshou Zhang Kai, the right arm held high, sometimes to the left on the "Bible", can also hold high the right hand is the "Bible" and the Chinese people swear by the use of the Pay tribute to the international communist movement, that is, hold the right hand, palm Chaowai cite the shoulder; Japanese Binglong that is the right hand, right arm raised on the diagonal. In affirmed or consent, the Chinese people usually nod, while Japan's Ainu people to give arms and chest from top to bottom shake, Malaysia Mainland Mengchong black head forward to India's Punjab people head back Meng Yang Sri Lanka will chin falls to a downward arc and then shift to the left shoulder, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Albania and some countries in Africa were swaying its head around, with or deny that we do not agree with the action without much difference between shaking his head . [Second, the same body language in different cultures have different meanings. This body language in understanding and follow the example of the problem in the most vulnerable, we must pay special attention to.