Question

django项目 makemigrations时出现django.db.migrations.graph.nodenotfounderror错误。

问题如图：
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Answer 1

1. 创建项目
运行下面命令就可以创建一个 django 项目，项目名称叫 mysite ：

$ django-admin.py startproject mysite
创建后的项目目录如下：

mysite
├── manage.py
└── mysite
├── __init__.py
├── settings.py
├── urls.py
└── wsgi.py

1 directory, 5 files
说明：

__init__.py ：让 Python 把该目录当成一个开发包 (即一组模块)所需的文件。 这是一个空文件，一般你迟伍不需要修改它。
manage.py ：一种命令行工具，允许你以多种方式与该 Django 项目进行交互。 键入python manage.py help，看一下它能做什么。 你应当不需要编辑这个文件；在这个目录下生成它纯是为了方便。
settings.py ：该 Django 项目的设置或配置。
urls.py：Django项目的URL路由设置。目前，它是空的。
wsgi.py：WSGI web 应用服务器的配置文件。更多细节，查看 How to deploy with WSGI
接下来，你可以修改 settings.py 文件，例如：修改 LANGUAGE_CODE、设置时区 TIME_ZONE

SITE_ID = 1

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh_CN'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

USE_TZ = True
上面开启了 [Time zone]() 特性，需要安装 pytz：

$ sudo pip install pytz
2. 运行项目
在运行项目之前，我们需要创建数据库和表结构，这里我使用的默伍渗认数据库：

$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, auth, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
然后启动服务：

$ python manage.py runserver
你会看到下面的输出：

Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
January 28, 2015 - 02:08:33
Django version 1.7.1, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
这将会在端口8000启动一个本地服务器, 并且只能从你的这台电脑连接和访问。 既然服务器已经运行起来了，现在用网页浏览器访问 。你应该可以看到一个令人赏心悦目的淡蓝色 Django 欢迎页面它开始工作了。腔旦脊

你也可以指定启动端口:

$ python manage.py runserver 8080
以及指定 ip：

$ python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
3. 创建 app
前面创建了一个项目并且成功运行，现在来创建一个 app，一个 app 相当于项目的一个子模块。

在项目目录下创建一个 app：

$ python manage.py startapp polls
如果操作成功，你会在 mysite 文件夹下看到已经多了一个叫 polls 的文件夹，目录结构如下：

polls
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── migrations
│ └── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
└── views.py

1 directory, 6 files
4. 创建模型
每一个 Django Model 都继承自 django.db.models.Model
在 Model 当中每一个属性 attribute 都代表一个 database field
通过 Django Model API 可以执行数据库的增删改查, 而不需要写一些数据库的查询语句
打开 polls 文件夹下的 models.py 文件。创建两个模型：

import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

def was_published_recently(self):
return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)

class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
然后在 mysite/settings.py 中修改 INSTALLED_APPS 添加 polls：

INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'polls',
)
在添加了新的 app 之后，我们需要运行下面命令告诉 Django 你的模型做了改变，需要迁移数据库：

$ python manage.py makemigrations polls
你会看到下面的输出日志：

Migrations for 'polls':
0001_initial.py:
- Create model Choice
- Create model Question
- Add field question to choice
你可以从 polls/migrations/0001_initial.py 查看迁移语句。

运行下面语句，你可以查看迁移的 sql 语句：

$ python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
输出结果：

BEGIN;
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL);
CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL);
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice__new" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "question_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id"));
INSERT INTO "polls_choice__new" ("choice_text", "votes", "id") SELECT "choice_text", "votes", "id" FROM "polls_choice";
DROP TABLE "polls_choice";
ALTER TABLE "polls_choice__new" RENAME TO "polls_choice";
CREATE INDEX polls_choice_7aa0f6ee ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");

COMMIT;
你可以运行下面命令，来检查数据库是否有问题：

$ python manage.py check
再次运行下面的命令，来创建新添加的模型：

$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, contenttypes, polls, auth, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
总结一下，当修改一个模型时，需要做以下几个步骤：

修改 models.py 文件
运行 python manage.py makemigrations 创建迁移语句
运行 python manage.py migrate，将模型的改变迁移到数据库中
你可以阅读 django-admin.py documentation，查看更多 manage.py 的用法。

创建了模型之后，我们可以通过 Django 提供的 API 来做测试。运行下面命令可以进入到 python shell 的交互模式：

$ python manage.py shell
下面是一些测试：

>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice # Import the model classes we just wrote.

# No questions are in the system yet.
>>> Question.objects.all()
[]

# Create a new Question.
# Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so
# Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now()
# instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing.
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())

# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>> q.save()

# Now it has an ID. Note that this might say "1L" instead of "1", depending
# on which database you're using. That's no biggie; it just means your
# database backend prefers to return integers as Python long integer
# objects.
>>> q.id
1

# Access model field values via Python attributes.
>>> q.question_text
"What's new?"
>>> q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=<UTC>)

# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
>>> q.question_text = "What's up?"
>>> q.save()

# objects.all() displays all the questions in the database.
>>> Question.objects.all()
[<Question: Question object>]
打印所有的 Question 时，输出的结果是 [<Question: Question object>]，我们可以修改模型类，使其输出更为易懂的描述。修改模型类：

from django.db import models

class Question(models.Model):
# ...
def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2
return self.question_text

class Choice(models.Model):
# ...
def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2
return self.choice_text
接下来继续测试：

>>> from polls.models import Question, Choice

# Make sure our __str__() addition worked.
>>> Question.objects.all()
[<Question: What's up?>]

# Django provides a rich database lookup API that's entirely driven by
# keyword arguments.
>>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
[<Question: What's up?>]
>>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What')
[<Question: What's up?>]

# Get the question that was published this year.
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> current_year = timezone.now().year
>>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
<Question: What's up?>

# Request an ID that doesn't exist, this will raise an exception.
>>> Question.objects.get(id=2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.

# Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a
# shortcut for primary-key exact lookups.
# The following is identical to Question.objects.get(id=1).
>>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)
<Question: What's up?>

# Make sure our custom method worked.
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)

# Give the Question a couple of Choices. The create call constructs a new
# Choice object, does the INSERT statement, adds the choice to the set
# of available choices and returns the new Choice object. Django creates
# a set to hold the "other side" of a ForeignKey relation
# (e.g. a question's choice) which can be accessed via the API.
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)

# Display any choices from the related object set -- none so far.
>>> q.choice_set.all()
[]

# Create three choices.
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
<Choice: Not much>
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
<Choice: The sky>
>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)

# Choice objects have API access to their related Question objects.
>>> c.question
<Question: What's up?>

# And vice versa: Question objects get access to Choice objects.
>>> q.choice_set.all()
[<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]
>>> q.choice_set.count()
3

# The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need.
# Use double underscores to separate relationships.
# This works as many levels deep as you want; there's no limit.
# Find all Choices for any question whose pub_date is in this year
# (reusing the 'current_year' variable we created above).
>>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
[<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]

# Let's delete one of the choices. Use delete() for that.
>>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
>>> c.delete()
>>>
上面这部分测试，涉及到 django orm 相关的知识，详细说明可以参考 Django中的ORM。

5. 管理 admin
Django有一个优秀的特性, 内置了Django admin后台管理界面, 方便管理者进行添加和删除网站的内容.

新建的项目系统已经为我们设置好了后台管理功能，见 mysite/settings.py：

INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin', #默认添加后台管理功能
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'mysite',
)
同时也已经添加了进入后台管理的 url, 可以在 mysite/urls.py 中查看：

url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)), #可以使用设置好的url进入网站后台
接下来我们需要创建一个管理用户来登录 admin 后台管理界面：

$ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'june'): admin
Email address:
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.
总结
最后，来看项目目录结构：

mysite
├── db.sqlite3
├── manage.py
├── mysite
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── wsgi.py
├── polls
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── admin.py
│ ├── migrations
│ │ ├── 0001_initial.py
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── templates
│ │ └── polls
│ │ ├── detail.html
│ │ ├── index.html
│ │ └── results.html
│ ├── tests.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── views.py
└── templates
└── admin
└── base_site.htm
通过上面的介绍，对 django 的安装、运行以及如何创建视 图和模型有了一个清晰的认识，接下来就可以深入的学习 django 的自动化测试、持久化、中间件、国 际 化等知识。