非谓语动词,怎么用 说明一下 最好有例子
一、非谓语动词的概念
非谓语动词,又叫非限定动词,非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词doing和过去分词done),可以充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
1、非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2、非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3、非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
4、谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
5、英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
二、三种非谓语形式的含义(基本用法)
不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not,never等否定词, 即not/never to do; not/never doing。
① I asked Tom not to smoke any more。
② Not knowing where to go, she began to cry。
四、非谓语动词的复合结构
1.不定式的复合结构:for /of sb. to do sth.
① It is important for us to learn English.
② It is kind of you to help my poor English.
一般来讲,说明人的品格特征的形容词后用of,其余形容词后用for。
2.动词ing形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing(注意:动名词作主语时,一般用所有格+doing)
① I appreciated Jim/ Jim’s helping my English。
② Smith’s being late made his teacher angry。
五、形式功能
动词不定式
动词不定式:(to)+ do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式:not + (to) do,以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:
1.一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如:
It's nice to meet you.很高兴见到你。
He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。
2.进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。
3.完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有:
1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
2.作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
3.作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
4.作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema. 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。
有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to,如:
I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。
He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看见横过公路。
5.作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。
What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它?
如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live. 他无处安身。
This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗?
Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗?
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。
6.作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money,every means has been tried.
right:To save money,he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。
wrong:To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外):常放在never only后
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。
I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了。
③表原因:常放在形容词后面
They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见。
The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。
7.作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
To tell you the truth,I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
8.不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it,you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。
9.不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。
不定式
1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree to object to close to,come to,lead to,refer to,
equal to,familiar to,point to,thank to,devote to,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward to
2. 带to 还是不带to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
( 但是:He was seen to enter the classroom .)
3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
区别:当使用for时,句中形容词修饰的是不定式;而用of时,句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。
It’s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的)
It’s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修饰逻辑主语him)
与of 连用的形容词有:
good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,…
与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词:
possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessary,…
4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expect etc.
需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .
5.不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况:若不定式前的谓语动词是使役动词make,let,have(表示“让、使”)、感官动词see,watch,look at,observe, notice,hear,listen to, feel时,不定式符号to可以省略。这些动词亦可总结为口诀:“三使五看两听一感觉”。例如:
Let's (to)go!走吧!
He saw the thief (to)steal a lady’s cellphone.
注:改为被动句时要把to还原,例如:
The thief was seentosteal a lady’s cellphone.
6.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to。
want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to
7.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
1)动宾关系:
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2)主谓关系:
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )
7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
1) 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
这种结构中常用的形容词有:
happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious . lucky,fortunate,proud,angry surprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 结果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作补足语
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有:
see,feel,hear,listen to,look at,watch,let,have make,observe,notice
注: 当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to,如:
He was seen to play in the street just now.
动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
动名词的形式:Ving
否定式:not + 动名词
一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
动名词的句法功能:
作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
作表语:
In the ant city,the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),be busy,be worth,feel like,can't stand,can't help(情不自禁地),think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…(from),protect…from,set about,be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like
作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
作同位语:
The cave,his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
现在分词
现在分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
1.现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park,singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
2.现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
过去分词
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)