求翻译!一段英文专业文献。经济学相关的。悬赏100,回答的好我在加分,分不是问题!!急急急
Thediscussionisofhistoricalsignificancepartlyforthesmallcontributionitmakestothehisto...
The discussion is of historical significance partly for the small contribution it makes to the history of the insurance industry, but chiefly because of what it implies about the attitudes to risk of English landed society and the information it provides on the business of farming in England, a topic on which the literature is ‘remarkably thin’. Section I of this article reports quantitative evidence on the size of some specific farming risks from the mid-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth, and finds that their magnitude was far from insignificant and did not always fall over time. Section II examines the importance of commercial agricultural insurance, and sections III and IV survey some of the methods of informal insurance available(that is, risk-reducing arrangements not codified as formal contracts);they focus respectively on farm diversification and landlord=tenant risk sharing .None of these methods, it is argued, reduced the risk faced by fixed rent farmers to trivial proportions. Other forms of risk management—notably accessing the capital market, forward contracts, and part-time off-farm employment—are undoubtedly important but fall outside the limited scope of this article. Section V seeks to quantify the overall extent and allocation of risk by considering data on farmers’ profits, landlords’ rents, and farming failures, and as is concluded in section VI, provides some empirical support for the argument that farmers were the residual claimants.
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讨论它做对保险业的历史的部分是历史意义为小贡献,但由于什么它暗示关于态度到英国登陆的社会和信息的风险它在种田的事务首要提供在英国,一个题目文学是`卓越地稀薄’。 区分这文章报告定量证据I在种田风险从中间的某一具体的大小- 18 th世纪对中间十九个和发现他们的巨大是离无意义很远的地方,并且没有随着时间的过去总下跌。 第II部分审查商业农业保险的重要性和部分III和IV勘测某些不拘形式的保险方法可利用(即风险减少安排没被编撰作为正式契约); 他们集中分别于农厂多样化和landlord=tenant风险分享。无这些方法,它被争论,减少固定的租农夫面对的风险到琐细的比例。 访问资本市场、期货契约和兼职农场的风险管理著名的其他形式就业是无容置疑地重要,但秋天在这篇文章之外的有限的范围。 第v部分寻求通过考虑关于农夫’赢利,房东’租和种田失败的数据定量风险的整体程度和分派和象在第VI部分结束,为论据提供一些经验主义的支持农夫是残余的请诉人。
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讨论的是历史意义的部分为小的贡献,它使以历史的保险业,但主要是因为它意味着有关的态度,风险英语降落社会和信息提供对业务的耕作在英格兰,一个话题,即文学是'显着薄' 。第一节这篇文章的报告,定量的证据,大小一些具体的农业风险,从十八世纪中叶到中第十九,并认定其规模远远微不足道,并没有始终跌倒的时间。第二节审查的重要性,商业性农业保险,第三节和第四节调查的一些方法的非正式保险提供(即,减少风险的安排,没有编纂为正式合同) ;他们的重点,分别就农产品多样化和业主=租客风险分享,没有这些方法,这是辩称,减少所面对的风险固定租金农民琐碎的比例。其他形式的风险管理-尤其是进入资本市场,远期合约及部分时间制非农业就业无疑是重要但不属于有限本文的讨论范围。第五节旨在量化的整体程度和风险分配所考虑的数据对农民的利润,业主的租金,和农业的失败,和作为是结束在第六部分,提供了一些实证的支持论据,农民的剩余索赔
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