Question

哪位好心人帮我翻译成英语，急用，谢谢！！！

乡镇企业在农村改革以及相应的市场体制形成过程中的发展历程是一个值得思考的过程。首先，在农村经济改革取得初步成功，而城市经济体制改革初步展开的时候，变动巨大的经济环境给予具有灵活体制的乡镇企业以巨大的发展空间，这使得八十年代中后期乡镇企业在中国获得了迅猛的发展。在这一过程中，乡镇企业的发展不仅消化了大量的农村剩余劳动力，同时还为国家和地方，尤其是地方政府提供了大量财政收入。因此，发展乡镇企业，曾一度被誉为“有中国特色的城市化道路”。然而，随着社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立和完善，激烈的市场竞争使得乡镇企业外部环境不断恶化，乡镇企业在经营机制、管理体制上的不完善也逐步显现出来，并成为其进一步发展的障碍。更为严重的是，由于乡镇企业发展的分部胜和粗放性所导致的巨大的环境成本也逐步显现出来，对乡镇企业的生产经营和农村居民的生活带来了严重的影响，这就促使我们要重新思考乡镇企业的发展过程，并力图探讨一条乡镇企业可持续发展之路。乡镇企业的发展在八十年后期和进入九十年代以后，发展势头受到了遏制，其发展过程中所出现的问题逐步显现出来，同时其发展所造成的环境负效应也对其进一步发展产生了不利的影响。
从外部环境看，首先，乡镇企业所面临的资金短缺问题比较严重，国有银行的乡镇企业贷款占全社会贷款总额的比重1993年只有8．5％，而1994年则下降到5％左右，1995年虽然回升到了10％，但仍是一个很小的比重，与其快速发展的状态极度不匹配；另外国家扶持中西部乡镇企业发展的专项贷款的到位情况也比较差，只有规划，而资金却得不到及时落实。其次，国有企业经营困难，直接影响到乡镇企业的发展。从历史发展角度看，没有国有企业就不会有乡镇企业，往往是国有企业形势好，乡镇企业的发展就是气。因为乡镇企业与国有企业之间具有千丝万缕的联系，国有企业与乡镇企业的产业结构雷同，国有企业目前经营上的困难也同样给乡镇企业的发展带来了一定的负面影响。再次，东南亚金融危机所带来的出口下滑，也造成乡镇企业出口竞争压力增大，增长速度下降。金融危机所导致的我国周边国家的货币贬值，虽然有利于其从金融危机中恢复过来，但是却给我国出口同类产品形成了巨大的竞争压力。乡镇企业产品出口在很长一段时间内会面临严峻的考验和挑战。同时，激烈的国际竞争加剧了贸易摩擦，使得贸易保护主义抬头，也加大了乡镇企业出口的压力。此外，乡镇企业所承受的税负不断加重，企业自我发展能力减弱。在1994年国家推行新税制，并开征了新税种，同时取消了乡镇企业减免税的优惠政策，使得包括流转税、所得税、城市维护建设税和土地增值税在内的企业实际税额明显增加。乡镇企业除了应缴国家税企业下岗人员的增多和职工自我风险意识的增强，城乡居民还将会出现节约支出、惜购消费品的现象，乡镇企业的产品销售困难重重。

Answer 1

Township enterprises in rural reform and the corresponding market system formed in the course of the development process is a thought process. First of all, in the rural economic reform achieved initial success, and the city launched the initial reform of the economic system, tremendous changes in the economic environment to a flexible system of township enterprises with great development space, which makes in the late 1980s, township enterprises in China The rapid development. In this process, the development of township enterprises not only to digest a large number of rural surplus labor force, and also for the national and local, especially the local government has provided substantial financial income. Therefore, the development of township enterprises, once known as "the city with Chinese characteristics of the road." However, with the socialist market economic system gradually establish and perfect, the fierce market competition makes township enterprises in the deteriorating external environment, the township enterprises in the operating mechanism and management system on the imperfections have gradually emerged and become its further development Obstacles. Even more serious, because the development of township enterprises Division win of the result of extensive and the enormous environmental costs have gradually emerged, the township enterprises in production and operation and the lives of rural residents has serious implications, which prompted We have to rethink the development of township enterprises and township enterprises in a bid to explore sustainable development. The development of township enterprises in the late 1980s and the 1990s, the development momentum has been checked, in the course of its development by the problems gradually emerged, and its development environment caused by the negative effect also on the further development Adversely affected.
From the external environment, first of all, the township enterprises are facing a serious shortage of funds, the state-owned banks in the township enterprises in the total loans to total loans ratio in 1993 only 8.5 per cent, while in 1994 it dropped to around 5 percent, 1995 Although the year rose to 10 percent, it is still a very small proportion, with its extremely rapid development of the state do not match other western countries to support the development of township enterprises in place of special loans is also relatively poor, only the planning and funding is in the Less than timely implementation. Second, the state-owned enterprises operating difficulties, a direct impact on the development of township enterprises. From a historical point of view of development, no state-owned enterprises there will be no township enterprises, state-owned enterprises is often a good situation, the development of township enterprises is the gas. Because the township enterprises and state-owned enterprises between inextricably linked, state-owned enterprises and township enterprises in the industrial structure identical, state-owned enterprises currently operating on the same difficulties to the development of township enterprises in a certain negative impact. Third, the Southeast Asian financial crisis brought about by the decline of exports, exports of township enterprises increased competitive pressures, the growth rate of decline. The financial crisis caused by China's neighboring countries of the currency devaluation, although the benefit from the financial crisis in its recovery, but presents China's export similar products formed a huge competitive pressures. Township enterprises in the export product for a long time will face severe tests and challenges. At the same time, fierce international competition intensified trade frictions, the rise of trade protectionism, but also intensify the pressure on the export of village and township enterprises. In addition, the township enterprises in the tax burden borne by constantly increasing, enterprises, self-development capacity weakened. In 1994, the national implementation of the new taxation system and levy a new tax, abolition of the township enterprises preferential policies for tax relief, including making the circulation tax, income tax, urban maintenance and construction taxes and land value-added tax, business tax actually increased significantly. Township enterprises in addition to state tax payable laid-off workers and increase the risk of self-awareness increases, there will be urban and rural residents also save expenditure, Xi purchase of consumer goods, sales of township enterprises in difficulties.

Answer 2

Township enterprises in rural reform and the corresponding market system formed in the course of the development process is a thought process. First of all, in the rural economic reform achieved initial success, and the city launched the initial reform of the economic system, tremendous changes in the economic environment to a flexible system of township enterprises with great development space, which makes in the late 1980s, township enterprises in China The rapid development. In this process, the development of township enterprises not only to digest a large number of rural surplus labor force, and also for the national and local, especially the local government has provided substantial financial income. Therefore, the development of township enterprises, once known as "the city with Chinese characteristics of the road." However, with the socialist market economic system gradually establish and perfect, the fierce market competition makes township enterprises in the deteriorating external environment, the township enterprises in the operating mechanism and management system on the imperfections have gradually emerged and become its further development Obstacles. Even more serious, because the development of township enterprises Division win of the result of extensive and the enormous environmental costs have gradually emerged, the township enterprises in production and operation and the lives of rural residents has serious implications, which prompted We have to rethink the development of township enterprises and township enterprises in a bid to explore sustainable development. The development of township enterprises in the late 1980s and the 1990s, the development momentum has been checked, in the course of its development by the problems gradually emerged, and its development environment caused by the negative effect also on the further development Adversely affected.
From the external environment, first of all, the township enterprises are facing a serious shortage of funds, the state-owned banks in the township enterprises in the total loans to total loans ratio in 1993 only 8.5 per cent, while in 1994 it dropped to around 5 percent, 1995 Although the year rose to 10 percent, it is still a very small proportion, with its extremely rapid development of the state do not match other western countries to support the development of township enterprises in place of special loans is also relatively poor, only the planning and funding is in the Less than timely implementation. Second, the state-owned enterprises operating difficulties, a direct impact on the development of township enterprises. From a historical point of view of development, no state-owned enterprises there will be no township enterprises, state-owned enterprises is often a good situation, the development of township enterprises is the gas. Because the township enterprises and state-owned enterprises between inextricably linked, state-owned enterprises and township enterprises in the industrial structure identical, state-owned enterprises currently operating on the same difficulties to the development of township enterprises in a certain negative impact. Third, the Southeast Asian financial crisis brought about by the decline of exports, exports of township enterprises increased competitive pressures, the growth rate of decline. The financial crisis caused by China's neighboring countries of the currency devaluation, although the benefit from the financial crisis in its recovery, but presents China's export similar products formed a huge competitive pressures. Township enterprises in the export product for a long time will face severe tests and challenges. At the same time, fierce international competition intensified trade frictions, the rise of trade protectionism, but also intensify the pressure on the export of village and township enterprises. In addition, the township enterprises in the tax burden borne by constantly increasing, enterprises, self-development capacity weakened. In 1994, the national implementation of the new taxation system and levy a new tax, abolition of the township enterprises preferential policies for tax relief, including making the circulation tax, income tax, urban maintenance and construction taxes and land value-added tax, business tax actually increased significantly. Township enterprises in addition to state tax payable laid-off workers and increase the risk of self-awareness increases, there will be urban and rural residents also save expenditure, Xi purchase of consumer goods, sales of township enterprises in difficulties.