Question

求《英美文化》的论文~

选修课快结束了，要写篇论文，我想写篇关于工业革命的论文，麻烦各位帮我找些网站有类似文章，最好有些个人看法，中文的可以，全英文更好~~

Answer 1

　　工业革命有时又称产业革命,指资本主义工业化的早期历程，即资本主义生产完成了从工场手工业向机器大工业过渡的阶段。是以机器生产逐步取代手工劳动，以大规模工厂化生产取代个体工场手工生产的一场生产与科技革命,后来又空扩充到其他行业。这一演变过程叫做工业革命.
　　有人认为工业革命在1750年左右已经开始，但直到1830年，它还没有真正蓬勃地展开。大多数观点认为，工业革命发源于英格兰中部地区。18世纪中叶，英国人瓦特改良蒸汽机之后，由一系列技术革命引起了从手工劳动向动力机器生产转变的重大飞跃。随后传播到英格兰到整个欧洲大陆，19世纪传播到北美地区。
　　工业革命是资本主义经济发展的客观要求所决定的。（1）资产阶级革命废除了封建制度，消除了不利于资本主义发展的种种束缚，为工业革命创造了重要的政治前提；（2）消除农业中的封建制度和小农经济，为资本主义大工业的发展提供了充分的劳动力和国内市场；（表现在英国即圈地运动）（3）资本主义原始积累过程，提供了资本主义大工业所必需的大批自由劳动力和巨额的货币资本（殖民）；（4）资本主义工场手工业长期的发展，为大机器生产的出现准备了技术条件。
　　一般认为，蒸汽机、焦炭、铁和钢是促成工业革命技术加速发展的四项主要因素。
　　在瓦特改进蒸汽机之前，整个生产所需动力依靠人力和畜力。伴随蒸汽机的发明和改进，工厂不再依河或溪流而建，很多以前依赖人力与手工完成的工作自蒸汽机发明后被机械化生产取代。工业革命是一般政治革命不可比拟的巨大变革，其影响涉及人类社会生活的各个方面，使人类社会发生了巨大的变革，对人类的现代化进程推动起到不可替代的作用,把人类推向了崭新的蒸汽时代。
　　工业革命对19世纪的科学发展也产生了重要的影响。以前的科学研究很少用于工业生产，随着工业革命的发展长大，工程师与科学家的界限越来越小，更多的工程师埋头做科学研究。以前的科学家多是贵族或富人的子弟，现在则有许多来自工业发达地区和工人阶级的子弟成为了科学家。他们更加对化学和电学感兴趣，这也促进了这些学科的发展。
　　这个术语最早是由恩格斯提出来的，指18世纪后期到19世纪前期发生在英国的从手工生产转向大机器生产的技术、经济变革，后来逐渐扩散到世界各国。工业革命是资本主义发展史上的一个重要阶段，它实现了从传统农业社会转向现代工业社会的重要变革。工业革命是生产技术的变革，同时也是一场深刻的社会关系的变革。从生产技术方面来说，它使机器代替了手工劳动；工厂代替了手工工场。从社会关系说，它使社会明显地分裂为两大对立的阶级──工业资产阶级和工业无产阶级。17、18世纪，英法等国资产阶级革命的胜利，为生产力的发展扫清了道路，资本主义工场手工业的发展和科学技术的发明，为向机器大工业过渡准备了条件。随着市场的扩大，以手工技术为基础的工场手工业不能满足市场的需要，资产阶级为追求利润，广泛采用新技术。工业革命18世纪60年代开始于英国，首先从棉纺织业开始，80年代因蒸汽机的发明和使用得到了进一步发展。继英国之后，法、美等国也在19世纪中期完成工业革命。它极大地促进了社会生产力的发展，巩固了新兴的资本主义制度，引起了社会结构和东西方关系的变化，对世界历史进程产生了重大影响。后来也有一些学者提出“多次工业革命”说，例如，19世纪后期的第二次工业革命，20世纪后半期的第三次工业革命。

Answer 2

找了一篇，你自己看看，My View on the US Gun Culture At the local time 7:15 in the morning, April 16th,2007, Korea student Cho Seung-Hui opened fire in the campus of Virginia Tech University ,which killed 33 students including himself ,and wounded another 17. Police said it was the deadliest shooting rampage in US history .It is not the only accident.From Sep.27 to Oct.9th,four shooting rampages happened in American campuses ,killing six students and one headmaster.As statistics shows ,an average of 30,000 people die from shooting every year,and 12 kids die under the gun every day .Apparently,the abuse of the guns has been a serious problem in the US since a long time ago,so why doesn't the authority take tough measures onor just ban owning guns privately? Obviously,this is easy said than done,as behind these shooting rampages there is an unmovable gun culture,which was formed and develepped in the particular historical circmstances,and enjoyed long time developping in the modern times.The History of Gun CultureAn American scholar says,"Every American citizen is born with a rifle."This is in some degree correct,as the American gun culture do have a long history.As early as the 1600s,when the first Europeans came to the continent of the North America,what they had to face were the crue beatles,the frequent conflits with the local Indians,as the government at that time did not had the power to provide necessary defense,the people could only rely on themselves,thus,undoubtfully,gun played an significant rule in self-defense.In many states,suchu as Virginia,Massachusetts,the local governments encouraged people to own and carry guns ,and even to form army to protect themselves as well as the public.So no wonder When it came to the time of the Independent War,the substancial role the armed civilians played enhanced the importance of owning guns privately.Because it was the people with private guns who first opened fire to the Lexington ,which led to the beginning of the war.In the views of many Americans,the victory of the Indenpendent War was largely determined by the fact that most Americans own and carry guns with them.Time to the development the westen lands,again,the guns palyed its unrelacable role.During the time of the Civil War,in order to the victory of the North,the Lincon government strongly encourage the pulbic to own guns ,and meanwhile suport massive production of all kinds of guns.All these measures helped to establish the inportant position in people's mind.Consquently,the Americans began to take the right of owning guns privately for granted. http://mingxiao.bokewu.com/blog492575.htm