Question

帮忙翻译2

Subsurface utilization has proven to be a realistic solution and has been gradually gaining ground during the lastdecades. Literature provides the reasons leading to the development of underground space (Damigos et al., 2004;Zevgolis et al., 2004). Earlier concerns and concepts forrejecting the option of underground construction, mainly due to economic reasons, are nowadays being re-examinedand often decisions for an underground structure, instead of a surface one, may be favored. However, many peoplemay feel uncomfortable driving or dwelling underground. One reason is that the lack of natural light decreases the ability of orientation in time and space. Another major reason for negative reactions towards traffic tunnels andunderground space is the fear of accidents and fire in an enclosed area (ITA, 1998).

Statistically, underground facilities cannot be consideredas major hazardous areas. However, in case of a fire acci-dent, much more severe damage occurs compared to a firein open air. Aggravating factors include confined space,limited number of escape roads, flashing over and loss ofvisibility (Li and Chow, 2000; Vauquelin and Megret,2002). A series of fire accidents, which happened worldwide(Channel Tunnel, Mont-Blanc Tunnel, Tauren Tunnel,Gotthard Tunnel) in the last years, have cost many livesand have triggered extensive discussions with regard tothe fire safety of underground spaces. Towards this direc-tion, the efforts focus on the prevention of a possible acci-dent and, if this is not attainable, the safe evacuation andrescue of all trapped people. There are several importantaspects of fire and life safety (ITA, 1998):
 fire – and collapse – resistant structures;
 elimination of combustible materials;
 detection and alarms;
 compartmentalization;
 emergency systems (rescue, escape and refuge);
 fire and smoke control; and
 maintenance of safety systems.

Answer 1

地下利用已被证明是一个现实的解决办法，并已逐渐抬头，在过去几十年中 。文学提供的原因导致发展地下空间（ damigos等人， 2004年; zevgolis等人， 2004年） 。较早前的关注和概念，拒绝的选择，地下建筑，主要是由于经济原因，是现在正在重新重新审查和决定一地下结构，而不是一个表面1 ，可能是最惠国待遇。然而，许多人可能感到不舒服的驾驶执照或住家地下。原因之一是缺乏自然光录得跌幅的能力取向，在时间和空间。另一个主要的原因，消极反应对交通隧道和地下空间是害怕发生意外及火警在一个封闭区（ ITA成员， 1998年） 。
统计学上，地下设施，不能被视为主要危险地区。不过，一旦发生火警事故凹痕，更为严重的破坏相比，发生的火灾中露天。日趋严重的因素，包括密闭空间，数量有限的逃生道路，闪动超过损失的能见度（李和周， 2000年;沃克兰和megret ， 2002年） 。一系列的火灾事故，发生在全世界（英吉利海峡隧道，蒙特塞拉特勃朗峰隧道，牛头人隧道，隧道。 Gotthard ）在过去的几年中，有成本，许多人的生命，并已引起广泛的讨论，关于消防安全的地下空间。朝着这个方向，努力侧重于预防可能的事故凹痕，如果这是无法实现，安全疏散和救援的所有被困人士。有几个重要方面，消防和生命安全（ ITA成员， 1998年） ：消防-崩溃-抗结构;消除可燃材料;检测和报警器; 条块分割;应急系统（救援，逃生及避难）; 火和浓烟所笼罩控制;维修和安全系统。