英语中定语从句和状语从句的区别
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
状语从句
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:
1.时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)
2.地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4.条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如:
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家。(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished)
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我。(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back)
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。
【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如:
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如:
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:
句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放。
句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。
【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员
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状语从句,是从句的形式做状语,修饰的是主句的谓语动词。
而定语从句,是从句的形式做定语,修饰的是主句中的某个名词、代词。
从句修饰主句中的名词性成分的是定语从句。
定语从句:who,whom,that 这些词代替指人,“whom”作宾语指人,"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物.在从句中所起作用如下:
(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher.你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师.
(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略),例如:
(1)the prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside..农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.(which / that在从句中作主语)
(2)The package (which / that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了.(which / that在从句中作宾语)
(只用作定语)
“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)
例:A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿.(“whose”表示那个孩子的双亲)
He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的.(“whose”表示那个房子的窗户)
关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语.
1.that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语是可以省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从省略.[eg:This is the book (which)you want.]
2.不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“wh”放在它原来的位置.
3.代表物时多这时的that常被省略;
c)被形容词最高级修饰时;既有人又有物时;
e)整个句中前面已有“which”,“wh”行
关系副词:在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on which(介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/…… which(介词同先行词搭配)
1.“where”是关系代词,当然也不用“that”引导.
By the time when you arrived in London,we had stayed there for two weeks.到你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期.
I still remember where I met her for the first time.我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方.
Each time when he goes to business trip,he brings a lot of living necessities,such as towels,soap,toothbrush etc.他每次出差都带来了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西.
3.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时,常用“there is”开头.
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you.这里有人要和你说话.
分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立.
状语从句:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子.通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当.例如:
1.Naturally ,our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call .(副词)
2.We worked hard ,from sunrise to sunset .(介词状短语)
3.To help my disabled aunt ,I spend an hour working in her house every day .(不定式)
4.Seen from a distance ,the farmhouse looked deserted .(过去分词)
5.I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .(原因状语从句)
状语的位置比较灵活,可以位于句首、句末或句中.enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式.尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似,所以理解和掌握它并不难。
1、 限定性定语从句
1)
that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2)which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3)代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything,
much等,这时的that常被省略
4) who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5) where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6)when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
7)whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8)当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything,
everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
2、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1)which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2)在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
3) 有时as也可用作关系代词
4)在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
二、状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there
be句型。
1、状语从句的种类 用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:
1)时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)
2)地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)
3)原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4)条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5)目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6)让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7)比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8)程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9)方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10)结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)
2、状语从句的时态特点 一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。
3、时间状语从句
1)由when, while,
as引导的时间状语从句。when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”;
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比;As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后
2)由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。
3)由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。
4)由since引导的时间状语从句。
since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is
+时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。
5)由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant,
the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。
6)由by the
time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。
7)由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。
8)由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。
4、 地点状语从句
1)地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where,
wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型。
在英语中:
定语,就是限定和或修饰名词、代词用的。eg.This my book.中的my是这个句子中的定语,用来修饰后面的名词book.
状语,就是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或者是整个句子的。比如时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语……eg.I met my old friend yesterday中的yesterday就是一个时间状语。
相应的,定语从句、状语从句只不过是在上述情况当中,充当定语或者状语成分是一个句子,而非词而已。标准的语法书里,则通常这样描述:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。在复合句中,充当主句状语的从句叫状语从句。
eg.(1)When he came to see me,I was reading a newspaper.此句就是一个
由when引导的就是一个时间状语从句。
(2)This is the time that I waited so long.此句就是一个定语从句,
the time是先行词,而that做的是关系代词。
1.定语。用来修饰名词。(通俗一点,相当于我们中文里面的形容词,比如,这是一只白的猫。白的是定语。同理,This is a white cat.这里的white就是定语)
定语从句就是用一个句子来充当了定语的成分而不是一个单词,还是用上面的句子,改写一下:This is a cat which is white.(这里的which is white就是一个定语从句来修饰了cat)
2.状语。种类比较多,表示时间,地点,目的,结果的。。。
状语从句有很多种:(一下可以参考百度百科或是语法书整理,每个给你举了一种)
1. 时间状语从句
When I see you,I`m glad.(when i see you 就是时间状语从句,下面得就自己推吧,不会我在和你解释。)
2.地点状语从句
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3. 原因状语从句
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
4. 目的状语从句
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
5. 结果状语从句
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
6. 条件状语从句
We’ll start our project if the president agrees
7. 让步状语从句
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind。
8. 比较状语从句
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
9. 方式状语从句
She behaved as if she were the boss.
状语从句,是从句的形式做状语,修饰的是主句的谓语动词
而定语从句,是从句的形式做定语,修饰的是主句中的某个名词、代词
区分的话,简单的说,从句修饰主句谓语的是状语从句
从句修饰主句中的名词性成分的,是定语从句.
如:I still remember the day when she 1st came to school.(定语从句,修饰先行词the day)
I stopped eating when she came in.(状语从句,修饰stopped)