Question

急求一篇英文翻译！ 万分感谢

The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphone, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However, while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful---both in school and in life. Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand. Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks---both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate. In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to know well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said. Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot(发现) spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time. - 6 - “In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won’t have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”

Answer 1

学生从黑板上无休止地抄写字母句子的行为，已经成为过去，随着电脑、智能手机等新技术的呈现，手工书写已是人们怀念的技能了。然而，如今教育者把越来越多的技术用于教学时，很多人仍然认为，无论是在学校，还是在生活中，手写技能对学生的成就是必不可少的。
华盛顿大学心理学教授，维吉尼亚·贝尔宁格说：继续教授书法，让孩子获得手写技能是非常重要的。
博明格（Berninger）与其同僚实施了一项研究，以观察学生在电脑上，和手工完成的多样书写任务的能力。到2009年，该研究证实，使用钢笔和纸张书写时，受试者书写出更长的文章和更完整的句子，而且书写词汇速度较快。
在一次近期的研究中，博明格观察了学生手写技能中影响拼写的规律。他发现学生拼写的好坏，决定着写作的好坏。“拼写促使大脑的思维部分活跃，这有利于词汇、词汇含义和词汇方向的运用，这使得我们的书写语言与观点结合起来”，他说。
拼写有助于学生在脑子里先把思想译成词汇，然后再选出词汇，“这些词汇在脑子里被转换成书写信号，然后再落实到纸面上，或是键盘和荧屏上”，研究说明。博明格说：“心灵的眼睛”对词汇的认识，不仅有助于学生把思想转换成词汇，而且，在他们书写时，还会发现拼写错误，并时时予以改正。
“在计算机时代，有些人认为我们没必要教授拼写，因为电脑可以查证”，她说。“但是，直到一个孩子不是具备了五级拼写能力，他是不会拥有能力从电脑给出的选项中做出正确的拼写选择”。