定语从句关系词
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose），as等；关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用。关系词起3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
本单元学习关系代词引导的定语从句。
1. who 指人，在从句中做主语
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中有的时候常用who代替，并且可以省略。如：
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.→ The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?→ Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
4. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
5. that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom ；指物时，相当于 which 。在定语从
句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
The number of the people that/who visit the city each year rises one million.
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
The number of people who/that lost homes reached 250,000．
It sounded like a train which/that was going under the house．
The boy（whom/that/who）we saw yesterday was John’s brother．
The car（which/that）my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake．
关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语，因此定语从句不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。如：
（误）The story（that/which）you told me it yesterday is interesting．
（正）The story（that/which）you told me yesterday is interesting．
昨天你给我讲的那个故事很有趣。
That 和which在定语从句中指物时，常常可以互换。但下面几种特殊情况，不能互换，只能用that, 不用which.
1）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which. 例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
2）被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which. 例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
3）先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which. 例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
4）先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
5）以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that. 例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
6）主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
I. 用适当的关系代词 that ， which ， who ， whom 填空
1.The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.
2.April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.
3.The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.
4.The house _____we live in is very old.
5.Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now？
II. 单项填空
1. --- Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？
--- Yes， he’s our headmaster.
A. he B.who C. which D. whom
2. Is this the river _____I can swim？
A. which B. in which C. that D. the one
3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.
A. where B. which C. thatD. it
4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day？
A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.
A. which agrees B. who agree
C. who agrees D. which agree
6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that B. it C. which D. who
7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate
A. who’s B. whose C. that D. of which.
8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.
A. which；is B. whom；was C. who；is D. who；was
9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.
A. that B. which C. where D. who
10. The world ______ is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
答案
I. 1. that2. which / that3. who / that4. that / which5. who/ whom/ that
II. 1-5BBCAC6-10ABCCD
【拓展】定语从句关系词成分
关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。
who用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，并且在从句中作主语；在现代英语里，也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。
例如：I have no idea about the man who wrote the article .我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。
The little boy who is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems .
whom 用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语。在现代英语里，如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语，它与who可以通用；但是如果whom在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用whom而不能与who通用了。当然，如果在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。例如：Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ? 刚才和你说话的那个女孩子是谁？
Yesterday, I happened to meet , in the shopping center , the professor who ( whom ) I got to know at a party .
昨天在购物中心，我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。
They are looking for the patient on whom doctors just performed an operation . 他们正在寻找那位医生刚刚给他做过手术的病人。
(句中的关系代词whom代替the patient ，在从句中作介词on的宾语，而且介词on提到关系代词的前面，所以who 和whom就绝不可以通用了，此处只能用whom 。)
Who is the girl to who (whom) you talked just now ? （错误）(句中的`关系代词whom(who)代替the girl ，在从句中作介词to的宾语，但是由于介词to已提到了关系代词的前面,who 和whom就绝不可以通用了,所以如果还继续使用who句子就错了。此处只能用whom 。)whose 用于代替"表示人或物意义"的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达"某人的、某物的"之意。
例如：Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ?你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗？
Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor. 沸点在摄氏100度的水无色、无味。which 用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。
例如：Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。
I've got a novel which you may like to read .我弄到一本你或许想看的小说。
That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饶恕的错误。that 既用于代替"表示人的意义"的先行词，也用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。例如：Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。
Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government .工薪在几千美元以上的人必须将工资中的一定百分比交付给联邦政府。
Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （错误）要点提示：定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略;如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。例如：This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 这就是你昨天找的那本书。
I don't like the novel ( that ) you are reading .我不喜欢你看的这本小说。
Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ? 你们谈论的那个人是谁？
定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
例如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon .（先行词Those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了。）请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent） 这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。
