Question

to do 不定式在句子中的不同成分以及用法

Answer 1

动词不定式的用法1. 不定式定义:由to＋动词原形构成。
不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，可分为不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。
2.用途：
在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的性质，本身可以带宾语和状语。
【动词不定式】
1.定义：动词 + 不定式
2.用途：
动词不定式在句中可以作句子任何成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。
[编辑本段][动词不定式的时态、语态]
动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为 逻辑主语，其形式如下：
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 （not） to make （not） to be made
完成式 （not） to have made （not） to have been made
进行式 （not） to be making
完成进行式 （not） to have been making
(1)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
(2)时态
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
[编辑本段][疑问词＋不定式结构]
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. （不定式在句子中做主语）
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. （不定式在句子中做宾语）
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （不定式在句子中做间接宾语）
④The question was where to get the medicine needed. （不定式在句子中表语）
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
[编辑本段][动词不定式的语法功能]不定式在句子中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补语。
1)不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
【例如】
To complete the 30 storied building in one year was quite a difficult task.
To do that implies taking responsibility.
当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
【例如】
It is important for modern young people to master at least two foreign languages.
It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish, inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋不定式
【例如】
It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve.
It is hard to put my hopessintoswords.
It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.
It is important for us young people to learn English and master it.
b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one's du ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...)＋不定式
It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.
It is a pity to have to go without her.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式
It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job等。
【例如】
The most important thing for one's health is to have plenty of exercise.
My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of the matter.
The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.
What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.
3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：
afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,
expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。
【例如】
I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in spring.
My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.I decide to work hard and get doctor's degree.
The room is designed to be my study, but now it has to be used as a bedroom for the children.
She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.
There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means( )trouble.
A) making
B) to make
C) to have made
D)shavingsmade
mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意，他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施，应用一般式，因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式。
【例如】
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. I think it important to learn English well in college.
使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。

Answer 2

动词不定式(to do)是英语课本中的一个重点。下面我们对动词不定式做一简要归纳，以帮助同学们学习和参考。
动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成 (有时可以不带to)。其否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。它属于一种非谓语动词的形式，在句子中不能充当谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但它可以保留动词的性质，其本身可以带宾语或状语等附加成分（不定式和其附加成分称为不定式短语）。动词不定式（短语）的句法功能非常广泛，在句中可作主语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语及状语等成分。
一、作主语
（1）动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词常常用单数。例如：
To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利于我们的健康。
To sweep the floor is my duty every day. 每天打扫地板是我的责任。
（2）如果动词不定式太长，常常用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语——动词不定式后置。例如：
It took me half an hour to walk there．我走到那儿花了半小时的时间。
It’s important for us to learn English well．对我们来说，学好英语是重要的。
二、作宾语
（1）能够接动词不定式作宾语的有 ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish 及 would like/love 等动词，但 finish, enjoy, miss, appreciate, mind, advise, suggest 等动词后面通常只能接动名词作宾语。例如：
I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再度访问此地。
She enjoys reading very much．她非常喜欢读书。
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
（2）动词不定式与名等词构成复合宾语时，通常要用 it 作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语——动词不定式后置。例如：
I think it our duty to obey the laws. 我认为遵守法律是我们的义务。
I found it difficult to see him here. 我发现在这里见到他是很难的。
三、作补足语
（1）某些动词在主动式中后接动词不定式作宾语补足语；在被动式中，由于原来的宾语变成了主语，故原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。这类动词常用的有 consider, expect, tell, want, warn, wish，invite等。例如：
They told him not to be late again.他们告诉他不要再迟到了。→He was told not to be late again.
She invited me to have dinner with her yesterday．昨天她请我一起进餐。
（2）在feel（一感），listen to，hear（二听），let，make，have（三让），look at，see，watch，notice（四看）等词之后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，强调动作的完成过程；它们作被动句的谓语时，to要补上。如：
I heard her sing today．She sang wonderfully．今天我听见她唱歌了，她唱得非常精彩。
She was heard to sing today．今天有人听见她唱歌了。
　 She is often heard to sing this song（by us）．我们经常听见她唱这首歌。
四、作状语
⑴动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动式。例如：
Come to see me again soon. 尽快再来看我。
I trembled to think of it. 我一想到那件事就不寒而栗。
You couldn't do that to save your life. 你即使为了救自己也不能那样做。
(2) only to do sth. 与 only doing sth. 都可作表示结果的状语，区别是：only to do sth. 表示一个与主语愿望相反的或出乎主语意料的结果, 或用来暗示最初的未能实现的动作；only doing sth. 表示谓语动词本身的动作造成的结果。例如：
I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,结果最后却是失败。
He died, only leaving nothing but debts. 他死了,只留下一身债
五、作表语
（1）动词不定式往往放在系动词be（，become, sound, taste 等系动词后面一般不接不定式）的后面作表语，表示将来的情况，说明主语的内容。例如：
My wish is to become a teacher．我的愿望是当一名教师。
Your job today is to clean the playground. 你今天的工作是打扫操场。
（2）如果系动词后的动词说明主语的性质，特征，相当于形容词。这时就要用现在分词作表语，而不用不定式。例如：
He said that the story was interesting．他说这则故事很有趣。
六、作定语
（1）动词不定式常常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式；如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，该动词不定式要用被动式。例如：
Do you have anything to do tonight? 你今晚有什么事要做吗?
I am going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there? 明天我要去上海。你有什么东西要捎去的吗?
（2）动词不定式作定语往往表示尚未发生的动作，如果动作已发生或正在发生，一般用现在分词作定语。例如：
I have no pen to write with．我没有钢笔写字。
The man standing there is Li Ming. 站在那里的那个人是李明。
　 七、和疑问词连用：
不定式前可用what，who，which，where，when，how，why等疑问词构成不定式短语，这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。
（1）作主语。例如：
When to start has not been decided. 什么时候出发还没定下来。
（2）作表语。例如：
The question is how to do the job well. 问题是怎样做好这项工作。
（3）作宾语。例如：
He told me where to find the book. 他告诉我了在哪找到这本书的。
Do you know how to play football? 你知道怎样踢足球吗？
八、不定式的被动式
在初中阶段还涉及到动词不定式被动式的一般式，这种形式是由“to be+动词过去分词”构成的，表示“被……”之意。例如：
　 There are twenty more trees to be planted. 有更多的树要栽种。