3个回答
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1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth..
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)几种替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
表1
时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
在英语中被动语态分时态,我给你举些例子:
(1)一般现在时:This song is often sung by children.孩子们常唱这首歌.
(2)一般过去时:This house was built in 1958.这房子建于1958年.
(3)一般将来时:Many buildings will be built in my home town.在我的家乡,许多大楼将要建成.
(4)过去将来时:The old scientist said that he would be invited to vist their country before long.那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他们的国家.
(5)现在进行时:The proposal is being considered now.正在考虑这个提案.
(6)过去进行时:Mr Wu was in hospital .When we went to see him,he was being operated on.吴先生住院了.我们去看他时,他正在动手术.
(7)现在完成时:Have the letters been posted ?信已经寄出去了吗?
(8)过去完成时:He came and told us that the work had been finished.他来告诉我们,工作已经完成.
(9)将来完成时:By the end of this year,the tall building will have been built.到今年年底,这幢高楼将建成.
(10)过去将来时:The boy told mother that his homework have been finished by ten o'clock.男孩告诉妈妈到10:00他将做完作业.
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等连用。例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth..
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)几种替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事，具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉，感情，存在，从属”等的动词。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感觉的词)；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的动词)；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作(常与yet，already，just连用)，或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况(常与for，since连用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
表1
时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
在英语中被动语态分时态,我给你举些例子:
(1)一般现在时:This song is often sung by children.孩子们常唱这首歌.
(2)一般过去时:This house was built in 1958.这房子建于1958年.
(3)一般将来时:Many buildings will be built in my home town.在我的家乡,许多大楼将要建成.
(4)过去将来时:The old scientist said that he would be invited to vist their country before long.那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他们的国家.
(5)现在进行时:The proposal is being considered now.正在考虑这个提案.
(6)过去进行时:Mr Wu was in hospital .When we went to see him,he was being operated on.吴先生住院了.我们去看他时,他正在动手术.
(7)现在完成时:Have the letters been posted ?信已经寄出去了吗?
(8)过去完成时:He came and told us that the work had been finished.他来告诉我们,工作已经完成.
(9)将来完成时:By the end of this year,the tall building will have been built.到今年年底,这幢高楼将建成.
(10)过去将来时:The boy told mother that his homework have been finished by ten o'clock.男孩告诉妈妈到10:00他将做完作业.
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动词的八种时态
一.一般现在时态(do/does式):
1.一般用法:
1〕表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.
① He often go to the cinema.
②My sister wears glasses.
③I go to the school every day.
2〕表示现在或经常性的情况或状态, e.g.
①Mother is ill.
②He likes living in the country.
3〕表示现在的能力,特征,职业等 , e.g.
①He sings well.(能力)
② My father gets up early. (习惯)
③Miss Dothy teaches English. (职业)
④This machine runs smoothly. (特征)
4〕表示客观真理,科学事实 ,格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在的事实 , e.g.
①Summer follows spring. (客观规律)
②The earth runs around the sun. (客观规律)
③Fire burns. (客观事实)
④Knowledge is power. (客观真理)
2.特别用法:
1〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①I'll write to her when I have time.
②If we hurry up, we can catch the bus.
③Tell me in case you get into difficulty.
2〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,让步状语从句和方式状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①Whatever you say, I won't pay.
②Whether you help him or not, he will fail.
③Next time I'll do as he says.
3〕用于"the+比较级…,the+比较级…"中,前一个用一般现在时表将来,后一个用一般现在时表将来或一般将来时,e.g.
The more you eat, the fatter you (will) become.
4〕当主句为将来时,定语从句用一般现在时表将来,eg.
① I'll give you anything you ask for.
② He'll give anyone $5,000 who help him with his Russian
5〕表示按规定,时间表 ,计划或安排要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①Are you on duty next weekend
②The train leaves at 12:00.
6〕在make sure (弄清楚),make certain (弄清楚) ,mind (注意),watch (注意),take care (注意,当心) be careful (注意,当心)等后的that从句中用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①We must take care that no one sees us.
②Make sure you lock the door before you leave.
③Be careful that you don't hurt her feelings.
④Watch that the baby doesn't go near the heater.
7〕在it doesn't matter, I don't care, I don't mind等结构后以及类似结构后的名词性从句用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①It doesn't matter where we go on holiday.
②Does it matter who goes first
③I don't care whether we win or lose.
8〕主句是将来完成时态,从句有by the time 所引导的从句用一般现在时表将来(主句是过去完成时态,从句有by the time 所引导的从句用一般过去时),e.g.
By the time he comes, I'll have left. ( By the time he came, I had left. )
二.一般过去时态(did式):
1.基本用法:
1〕表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.
We often played together when we were children.
注:表示过去习惯性的动作,可用would, used to, e.g.He used to work by bus.
2〕表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态:
①He bought the computer five years ago.
②It was then a small fishing village.
2.特别用法:
1〕表客气或委婉的现在:
①I wondered if you were free this evening.
②I thought you might like some flowers.
(注:过去进行时也可表示现在使语气更委婉,客气,eg.① I was wondering if you could give me a lift. ②We were hoping you would stay with us.能这样用的动词主要限于want, wonder , think, hope, intend等少数动词.)
2 〕一般过去时态用于某些特殊结构中表现在,这些结构主要是it's time…,I wish…, I would rather…,if only…,
as if…, as though…等:
①It's time we started.
②I wish I knew his name.
③I'd rather you lived with us.
注:would rather等还可用一般过去时表将来.e.g.I would rather you came next Monday.
三.一般将来时(will/shall+动原):
1.一般用法:
一般将来时基本用法:表示单纯的将来事实,e.g.
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
2.表示将来时的常见用法及区别:be to/be going to/be about to/be+v-ing/be due to/will/shall +动原
1〕表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的时候才决定做某事用will,e.g.
①--You forget to close the door.
--Oh, I'll close it at once.
②--Ann is in hospital.
--Oh,really I didn't know. I'll go and visit her.
2〕表示迹象表明要发生某事,则只能用be going to,e.g.
Look at the dark clouds.It's going to rain.
3〕be going to还有以下用法,e.g.
①强调主观想法或意图:
I'm going to wash the car if I have time. (注意:此时不能用 be+v-ing, be+v-ing表示将来,主要强调已经作出的 安排,e.g. I'm picking you up at 6:00,don't forget. )
②强调某个意图是事先考虑好的:
--Ann is in hospital.
--Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her tomorrow.
4〕be to:①命中注定的事,隐含在未来之中的事,
I think we are to meet again many years later.
②父母让子女,上级让下级做的事,表示命令,
You're to do your homework before you watch TV.
③表征求意见,用于问句,
Are we to hand in the papers at 10:30
5〕be about to表示动作之快的将来,其后不能接时间状语,它与be on the point of doing sth.相似,
① Autumn is about to start.
②They are on the point of starting.
6〕be due to与时间表,旅行计划等有关,e.g.
① The train is due to leave at 7:00.
② He is due to leave very soon.
四.过去将来时(would+动原)与一般将来时相似.
五.现在完成时(have/has+p.p.)
1.基本用法:
1〕影响性用法:该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,且对现在造成影响或结果,同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果,e.g.
①He has left the city.(结果:他不在这个城市)
②Someone has broken the window.(结果: 窗户仍破着)
2〕持续性用法:该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去并未在过去完成,而是持续到现在,且可能继续持续下去或可能到此结束,e.g.
① Have you waited long
② We have been busy this afternoon.
2.用现在完成时的典型场合:
1〕"since+过去时间"或"since接that从句(从句中用一般过去时)"则句中用现在完成时,e.g.
①I haven't seen her since last week.
②Where have you been since I last saw you
2〕句中有so far/in (for/during)the past (last)years(months… )/up to now/until now等短语则句中谓语用现在完成时,e.g.
①So far there has been no news.
②She hasn't had any friends so far.
③In the past two years I've seen him three times.
④He has been in Guangdong (for)the last month.
⑤Up to now, the work has been very easy.
3〕"It/This/That is the first (second/third…)time+that从句"或"It/This/That is the only…+that从句"
或"It/This/That is the +最高级… + that从句"从句中谓语用现在完成时,e.g.
①It/This/That is the first time that I have come to Zhejiang.
②It/This/That is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life.
③It/This/That is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(注:以上句型把is改为was,则从句时态相应改为过去完成时态)
3.现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别:现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果,而一般过去时态强调这一个动作发生的时间是过去.e.g.
①I've lived here for ten years. (现在仍住在这儿 )
② I lived here for ten years. (现在不住在这儿 )
③He has bought a house. (现在已拥有这房子)
④ He bought a house. (现在拥不拥有这房子,不知道,只是知道买了房子,现在可能拥有也可能卖掉了)
4."have been to +地点"与"have gone to+地点",前者表示去过某地,说话的时候已不在去过的地方,现在在对方的身边,而后者表示说话的时候,去某地的人不在场,可能到达某地,也可能在去某地的路上,反正不在说话者的身边.e.g.
①He has been to Paris three times.
② He has gone to Paris.
六.过去完成时(had + p.p.)
1.基本用法:既表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作,也表示从某一较早的过去动作持续到一个较迟的过去的
动作,e.g.
①He had left when I arrived.
②By six o'clock he had worked twelve hours.
用好过去完成时,关键在于理解它的时间是"过去的过去".
2.want /think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等动词的过去完成时+不定式的一般式(等于这些动词的一般过去式后接不定式的完成式),表示过去为曾实现的愿望,打算,想法等e.g.
①I had meant to come, but something happened.(= I meant to have come, but something happened. )
②I had intended to speak at the meeting, but time didn't permit. (= I intended to have spoken at the meeting, but time didn't permit. )
这种用法在不定式里已讲过.
3.一些特殊句型中的过去完成时:
1〕"It/This/That was the first (second/third…)time+that从句"或"It/This/That was the only…+that从句"或"It/This/That was the +最高级… + that从句"从句中谓语用过去完成时.
2〕by( the end of )+过去时间,句中谓语用过去完成时,e.g.
①We had learnt 3,000 words by the end of last term.
②By 8:00a.m. yesterday, we had arrived the park.
3〕by the time+一般过去式,主句中谓语用过去完成时,e.g.
By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine.
4〕No sooner + had+主语+p.p. +than +一般过去
时/Hardly + had+主语+p.p. + when +一般过去时/Scarcely + had+主语+p.p. + when /before+一般过去时/Barely + had+主语+p.p. + before+一般过去时e.g.
①No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went to play with his classmates.
②Hardly had he heard the news when he cried.
七.现在进行时( be+v--ing ):
1.基本用法:表示说话人在说话时正在进行的动作,或不断重复的动作或目前这个阶段( 不一定是说话的时候 )正在进行的动作,e.g.
①We're having a meeting. (说话时正在进行的动作)
②He is teaching in a school. (目前这个阶段正在进行的动作)
2.现在进行时表示将来,主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,e.g.
①I'm leaving tomorrow.
②They are getting married next week.
注:现在进行时表示将来,其计划性较强,并往往暗示一种意图,而一般现在时态表示将来,除特殊的从句用一般现在时态表示将来,一般其客观性较强,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的事情,e.g.
①I'm not going out this evening.
②What time does the train leave
3.现在进行时与always/forever/constantly /
continuously等连用,表示满意,称赞,惊讶,厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.
①She's always helping others.
②She's constantly changing her mind.
4.动词be的现在进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.
①She is foolish.(生性如此)
②She is being foolish.(一时的表现)
能这样用的形容词多为angry, careful, clever, stupid, kind, brave, friendly, rude, polite等动态形容词.
八.过去进行时(was/were +v--ing )
1.一般用法:表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,
He was playing while I was studying.
2.过去进行时表示现在,主要使语气更委婉,客气,eg.① I was wondering if you could give me a lift. ②We were hoping you would stay with us.能这样用的动词主要限于want, wonder , think, hope, intend等少数动词.
3.过去进行时与always/forever/constantly /
continuously等连用,表示满意,称赞,惊讶,厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.
①She's always helping others.
② They were always quarrelling.
4.动词be的过去进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.
①She was friendly.(生性如此)
②She was being friendly.(一时的表现)
一.一般现在时态(do/does式):
1.一般用法:
1〕表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.
① He often go to the cinema.
②My sister wears glasses.
③I go to the school every day.
2〕表示现在或经常性的情况或状态, e.g.
①Mother is ill.
②He likes living in the country.
3〕表示现在的能力,特征,职业等 , e.g.
①He sings well.(能力)
② My father gets up early. (习惯)
③Miss Dothy teaches English. (职业)
④This machine runs smoothly. (特征)
4〕表示客观真理,科学事实 ,格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在的事实 , e.g.
①Summer follows spring. (客观规律)
②The earth runs around the sun. (客观规律)
③Fire burns. (客观事实)
④Knowledge is power. (客观真理)
2.特别用法:
1〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①I'll write to her when I have time.
②If we hurry up, we can catch the bus.
③Tell me in case you get into difficulty.
2〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,让步状语从句和方式状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①Whatever you say, I won't pay.
②Whether you help him or not, he will fail.
③Next time I'll do as he says.
3〕用于"the+比较级…,the+比较级…"中,前一个用一般现在时表将来,后一个用一般现在时表将来或一般将来时,e.g.
The more you eat, the fatter you (will) become.
4〕当主句为将来时,定语从句用一般现在时表将来,eg.
① I'll give you anything you ask for.
② He'll give anyone $5,000 who help him with his Russian
5〕表示按规定,时间表 ,计划或安排要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①Are you on duty next weekend
②The train leaves at 12:00.
6〕在make sure (弄清楚),make certain (弄清楚) ,mind (注意),watch (注意),take care (注意,当心) be careful (注意,当心)等后的that从句中用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①We must take care that no one sees us.
②Make sure you lock the door before you leave.
③Be careful that you don't hurt her feelings.
④Watch that the baby doesn't go near the heater.
7〕在it doesn't matter, I don't care, I don't mind等结构后以及类似结构后的名词性从句用一般现在时表将来,e.g.
①It doesn't matter where we go on holiday.
②Does it matter who goes first
③I don't care whether we win or lose.
8〕主句是将来完成时态,从句有by the time 所引导的从句用一般现在时表将来(主句是过去完成时态,从句有by the time 所引导的从句用一般过去时),e.g.
By the time he comes, I'll have left. ( By the time he came, I had left. )
二.一般过去时态(did式):
1.基本用法:
1〕表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.
We often played together when we were children.
注:表示过去习惯性的动作,可用would, used to, e.g.He used to work by bus.
2〕表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态:
①He bought the computer five years ago.
②It was then a small fishing village.
2.特别用法:
1〕表客气或委婉的现在:
①I wondered if you were free this evening.
②I thought you might like some flowers.
(注:过去进行时也可表示现在使语气更委婉,客气,eg.① I was wondering if you could give me a lift. ②We were hoping you would stay with us.能这样用的动词主要限于want, wonder , think, hope, intend等少数动词.)
2 〕一般过去时态用于某些特殊结构中表现在,这些结构主要是it's time…,I wish…, I would rather…,if only…,
as if…, as though…等:
①It's time we started.
②I wish I knew his name.
③I'd rather you lived with us.
注:would rather等还可用一般过去时表将来.e.g.I would rather you came next Monday.
三.一般将来时(will/shall+动原):
1.一般用法:
一般将来时基本用法:表示单纯的将来事实,e.g.
We shall have a lot of rain next month.
2.表示将来时的常见用法及区别:be to/be going to/be about to/be+v-ing/be due to/will/shall +动原
1〕表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的时候才决定做某事用will,e.g.
①--You forget to close the door.
--Oh, I'll close it at once.
②--Ann is in hospital.
--Oh,really I didn't know. I'll go and visit her.
2〕表示迹象表明要发生某事,则只能用be going to,e.g.
Look at the dark clouds.It's going to rain.
3〕be going to还有以下用法,e.g.
①强调主观想法或意图:
I'm going to wash the car if I have time. (注意:此时不能用 be+v-ing, be+v-ing表示将来,主要强调已经作出的 安排,e.g. I'm picking you up at 6:00,don't forget. )
②强调某个意图是事先考虑好的:
--Ann is in hospital.
--Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her tomorrow.
4〕be to:①命中注定的事,隐含在未来之中的事,
I think we are to meet again many years later.
②父母让子女,上级让下级做的事,表示命令,
You're to do your homework before you watch TV.
③表征求意见,用于问句,
Are we to hand in the papers at 10:30
5〕be about to表示动作之快的将来,其后不能接时间状语,它与be on the point of doing sth.相似,
① Autumn is about to start.
②They are on the point of starting.
6〕be due to与时间表,旅行计划等有关,e.g.
① The train is due to leave at 7:00.
② He is due to leave very soon.
四.过去将来时(would+动原)与一般将来时相似.
五.现在完成时(have/has+p.p.)
1.基本用法:
1〕影响性用法:该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,且对现在造成影响或结果,同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果,e.g.
①He has left the city.(结果:他不在这个城市)
②Someone has broken the window.(结果: 窗户仍破着)
2〕持续性用法:该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去并未在过去完成,而是持续到现在,且可能继续持续下去或可能到此结束,e.g.
① Have you waited long
② We have been busy this afternoon.
2.用现在完成时的典型场合:
1〕"since+过去时间"或"since接that从句(从句中用一般过去时)"则句中用现在完成时,e.g.
①I haven't seen her since last week.
②Where have you been since I last saw you
2〕句中有so far/in (for/during)the past (last)years(months… )/up to now/until now等短语则句中谓语用现在完成时,e.g.
①So far there has been no news.
②She hasn't had any friends so far.
③In the past two years I've seen him three times.
④He has been in Guangdong (for)the last month.
⑤Up to now, the work has been very easy.
3〕"It/This/That is the first (second/third…)time+that从句"或"It/This/That is the only…+that从句"
或"It/This/That is the +最高级… + that从句"从句中谓语用现在完成时,e.g.
①It/This/That is the first time that I have come to Zhejiang.
②It/This/That is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life.
③It/This/That is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(注:以上句型把is改为was,则从句时态相应改为过去完成时态)
3.现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别:现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果,而一般过去时态强调这一个动作发生的时间是过去.e.g.
①I've lived here for ten years. (现在仍住在这儿 )
② I lived here for ten years. (现在不住在这儿 )
③He has bought a house. (现在已拥有这房子)
④ He bought a house. (现在拥不拥有这房子,不知道,只是知道买了房子,现在可能拥有也可能卖掉了)
4."have been to +地点"与"have gone to+地点",前者表示去过某地,说话的时候已不在去过的地方,现在在对方的身边,而后者表示说话的时候,去某地的人不在场,可能到达某地,也可能在去某地的路上,反正不在说话者的身边.e.g.
①He has been to Paris three times.
② He has gone to Paris.
六.过去完成时(had + p.p.)
1.基本用法:既表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作,也表示从某一较早的过去动作持续到一个较迟的过去的
动作,e.g.
①He had left when I arrived.
②By six o'clock he had worked twelve hours.
用好过去完成时,关键在于理解它的时间是"过去的过去".
2.want /think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等动词的过去完成时+不定式的一般式(等于这些动词的一般过去式后接不定式的完成式),表示过去为曾实现的愿望,打算,想法等e.g.
①I had meant to come, but something happened.(= I meant to have come, but something happened. )
②I had intended to speak at the meeting, but time didn't permit. (= I intended to have spoken at the meeting, but time didn't permit. )
这种用法在不定式里已讲过.
3.一些特殊句型中的过去完成时:
1〕"It/This/That was the first (second/third…)time+that从句"或"It/This/That was the only…+that从句"或"It/This/That was the +最高级… + that从句"从句中谓语用过去完成时.
2〕by( the end of )+过去时间,句中谓语用过去完成时,e.g.
①We had learnt 3,000 words by the end of last term.
②By 8:00a.m. yesterday, we had arrived the park.
3〕by the time+一般过去式,主句中谓语用过去完成时,e.g.
By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine.
4〕No sooner + had+主语+p.p. +than +一般过去
时/Hardly + had+主语+p.p. + when +一般过去时/Scarcely + had+主语+p.p. + when /before+一般过去时/Barely + had+主语+p.p. + before+一般过去时e.g.
①No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went to play with his classmates.
②Hardly had he heard the news when he cried.
七.现在进行时( be+v--ing ):
1.基本用法:表示说话人在说话时正在进行的动作,或不断重复的动作或目前这个阶段( 不一定是说话的时候 )正在进行的动作,e.g.
①We're having a meeting. (说话时正在进行的动作)
②He is teaching in a school. (目前这个阶段正在进行的动作)
2.现在进行时表示将来,主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,e.g.
①I'm leaving tomorrow.
②They are getting married next week.
注:现在进行时表示将来,其计划性较强,并往往暗示一种意图,而一般现在时态表示将来,除特殊的从句用一般现在时态表示将来,一般其客观性较强,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的事情,e.g.
①I'm not going out this evening.
②What time does the train leave
3.现在进行时与always/forever/constantly /
continuously等连用,表示满意,称赞,惊讶,厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.
①She's always helping others.
②She's constantly changing her mind.
4.动词be的现在进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.
①She is foolish.(生性如此)
②She is being foolish.(一时的表现)
能这样用的形容词多为angry, careful, clever, stupid, kind, brave, friendly, rude, polite等动态形容词.
八.过去进行时(was/were +v--ing )
1.一般用法:表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,
He was playing while I was studying.
2.过去进行时表示现在,主要使语气更委婉,客气,eg.① I was wondering if you could give me a lift. ②We were hoping you would stay with us.能这样用的动词主要限于want, wonder , think, hope, intend等少数动词.
3.过去进行时与always/forever/constantly /
continuously等连用,表示满意,称赞,惊讶,厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.
①She's always helping others.
② They were always quarrelling.
4.动词be的过去进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.
①She was friendly.(生性如此)
②She was being friendly.(一时的表现)
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①
虚拟语态在现代英语中，主要用于虚拟条件句中。
虚拟的现在条件用过去时（单数没有
was，要用were），虚拟的结果用过去将来时。
虚拟的过去条件用过去完成时，虚拟的过去结果用过去将来完成时。
省略
if
时，条件句要倒装。
②
表达愿望和情感的虚拟句已经所剩不多了。如：
god
save
the
queen!
god
bless
you!
heaven
forbid
that
...
!
grammar
be
damed!
③
一些表达需要、请求意念的形容词、名词、动词，需要接带虚拟语态的从句，即从句中要去掉情态动词
should
。如：
it
is
important
that
he
arrive
on
time.
there
has
been
a
proposal
that
michael
be
dismissed.
he
commanded
that
michael
be
dismissed.
使用虚拟语态的常用动词有：
advise
建议
ask
请求
demand
需求
forbid
禁止
insist
坚持
prefer
喜欢
propose
建议
recommend
建议
request
请求
require
要求
suggest
建议
urge
敦促
④
现代英语的不妨、也许、可能等虚拟语态常用于正式文体中。常用情态动词
may,
might,
may
as
well,
might
as
well
表达。口语则通常不用虚拟语态。比如下面的例子，perhaps
代替了
may：
you
may
remember
the
evening
we
first
talked
about
going
to
london.
perhaps
you
remember
the
evening
we
first
talked
about
going
to
london.
虚拟语态在现代英语中，主要用于虚拟条件句中。
虚拟的现在条件用过去时（单数没有
was，要用were），虚拟的结果用过去将来时。
虚拟的过去条件用过去完成时，虚拟的过去结果用过去将来完成时。
省略
if
时，条件句要倒装。
②
表达愿望和情感的虚拟句已经所剩不多了。如：
god
save
the
queen!
god
bless
you!
heaven
forbid
that
...
!
grammar
be
damed!
③
一些表达需要、请求意念的形容词、名词、动词，需要接带虚拟语态的从句，即从句中要去掉情态动词
should
。如：
it
is
important
that
he
arrive
on
time.
there
has
been
a
proposal
that
michael
be
dismissed.
he
commanded
that
michael
be
dismissed.
使用虚拟语态的常用动词有：
advise
建议
ask
请求
demand
需求
forbid
禁止
insist
坚持
prefer
喜欢
propose
建议
recommend
建议
request
请求
require
要求
suggest
建议
urge
敦促
④
现代英语的不妨、也许、可能等虚拟语态常用于正式文体中。常用情态动词
may,
might,
may
as
well,
might
as
well
表达。口语则通常不用虚拟语态。比如下面的例子，perhaps
代替了
may：
you
may
remember
the
evening
we
first
talked
about
going
to
london.
perhaps
you
remember
the
evening
we
first
talked
about
going
to
london.
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