Question

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新公共管理：当代西方公共行政的新趋势
新公共管理是80年代以来兴盛于英、美等西方国家的一种新的公共行政理论和管理模式，也是近年来西方规模空前的行政改革的主体指导思想之一。它以现代经济学为自己的理论基础，主张在政府等公共部门广泛采用私营部门成功的管理方法和竞争机制。新公共管理在一定程度上反映了公共行政发展的规律和趋势，因而对我国行政管理的理论和实践不无借鉴意义。
从19世纪70年代开始，曾经主导西方公共行政领域近一个世纪之久，并被誉为是行之有效、甚至是最佳的传统或称主流的公共行政，遭受到新的外部环境的越来越严峻的挑战，其近乎刻板、僵化的科层体制愈来愈不能适应迅速变化的信息和知识密集型社会和经济生活，其赖以建立的两大理论基础——威尔逊和古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯科层管理论均无法回答和解决政府所面对的日益严重的问题和困难：政府财政危机，社会福利政策难以为继，政府机构日趋庞大臃肿，效率低下，公众对政府能力失去信心，“政府失败”论开始占主导地位。
正是在这样的历史背景下，一种新的公共行政理论、管理模式——新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在80年代的英美两国应运而生，并迅速扩展到西方各国。与以往传统的公共行政框架内进行的变革不同，新公共管理不是对现存行政管理体制和方式进行某种程度的局部调整，或仅仅是为了降低行政管理的成本，减少行政费用开支，更重要的是，它是对传统的公共行政模式的一种全面清算和否定。
一、新公共管理的理论基础
如果说传统的公共行政以威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论为其理论支撑点的话，新公共管理则以现代经济学和私营企业管理理论和方法作为自己的理论基础。
首先，新公共管理从现代经济学中获得诸多理论依据，如从“理性人”（人的理性都是为自己的利益，都希望以最小的付出获得最大利益）的假定中获得绩效管理的依据；从公共选择和交易成本理论中获得政府应以市场或顾客为导向，提高服务效率、质量和有效性的依据；从成本—效益分析中获得对政府绩效目标进行界定、测量和评估的依据等等。
其次，新公共管理又从私营管理方法中汲取营养。新公共行政管理认为，私营部门许多管理方式和手段都可为公共部门所借用。如私营部门的组织形式能灵活地适应环境，而不是韦伯所说的僵化的科层制；对产出和结果的高度重视（对私营部门来说，产出就意味着利润，而在高度竞争的市场环境中，要获取利润就必须给顾客提供高质量的服务，同时尽可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不重产出；人事管理上实现灵活的合同雇佣制和绩效工资制，而不是一经录用，永久任职，等等。总之，新公共管理认为，那些已经和正在为私营部门所成功地运用着的管理方法，如绩效管理、目标管理、组织发展、人力资源开发等并非为私营部门所独有，它们完全可以运用到公有部门的管理中。

Answer 1

lz,这个长度怎么也得200,才跟的起

Answer 2

Two, the new common essential features administration that new public administration manages is a
very loose concept, now that it referring to one kind of the administration theory trying to
replace tradition study of public administration, refer to one kind of new public administration
pattern , refer to reformation motion continuing being in progress in the present age west public
administration field. But whose name is also be unable completely identical in west every country,
if calling "managerialism " in United Kingdom, "the government or "new common administration "
being called an entrepreneur" then in USA, in a few countries are called "market-oriented type

public administration " other waiting a minute, they all have the briefly identical characteristic.
First , newly common relation between managing the government and society under having changed the common pattern of tradition, function and their relation with society again carries out allocation on the government: Bureaucratic apparatus being that the government is to be very lofty no longer ", oneself serves " , the government functionary of government ought to be "an enterprise manager and handling crew " assuming responsibility for , the public of society is to provide government tax revenue "taxpayer" and to enjoy the "the customer" or "customer" that the government serves as bringing back a report then , the government is served should take customer as guiding , should strengthen the public of pair of society need's responding to a force. In recent years, United Kingdom-Germany, Holland waits for the simplification that the country government adopts to serve procedures , works out and announces serving a standard , establishing "one station shop " service in some one-level administration area and some branches or industry and so on, be a little what be come into force concrete measure under this new government human relations in society patterns.
The public administration meter throws into the secondary, and tradition , does not mind output diversity, new common administration further takes the government activity's seriously outputing and bearing fruit , is to pay attention to providing public service efficiency and mass, from this but pay attention to giving "a gleam of the manager and the handling crew " (be to be hit by the vulgar civil official) to with duty , right , duty, if on the plan and budget, the strategic objective and long range taking organization seriously plan, emphasize the "control of the aggregates" to budget, Give a gleam of manager the full autonomy in the field of allocation of resources , personnel arrangement etc., to adapt to the indeterminate change outside environment and the need that the public changes unceasingly.
But new common administration opposes tradition public administration observing established laws and statutes again , light achievement imitates the method of work determining and estimating that , advocate loosening strict administration gauge system (control namely mainly by regulatory system) thirdly, with upper little rapid and intense association,the achievement effect target coming true strictly and impartially controls, be to ascertain organization , the personal concrete target , show and the bid (performance indicator) according to achievement effect accomplishing condition to the target carrying out measurement and estimating that, from this but have produced three so-called E, Be three big variables such as economy (economy) , efficiency (efficency) and effect (effect) etc.
Fourthly, public administration discriminates against private branch supervisor mode diversity with tradition, and new common , management by objectives managing office procedure and means emphasizing that the government adopt the private branch to succeed broadly (if cost performance analysis, is total quality management TQM etc.) competing for mechanism, cancel the monopoly that public service supplies, if "government business contract let out ", "competitiveness waits by tend " , new common administration thinks, although government's main function be a provide provide society with service , this does not imply all public service should be provided directly by the government.

Answer 3

Lately public management:The new trend of contemporary and western public administration
The lately public management is a 80's prosperous at the English, the United States etc. a kind of new public administration theories and management style of the western nation, is also the corpus that the western scale unprecedented administration reforms in recent years instruction one of the thoughts.It takes modern economics as own ories foundation and lay claim to in the government to wait a public section to extensively adopt management method and competition mechanism of success of the privately owned section.The lately public management reflected to some extent public administration development of regulation and trend, as a result to our country administration management of the theories didn't draw lessons from meaning with fulfillment not.
Have once predominated western long about a centuries of public administration realm since 70's in 19 centuries, and is praise for go it effectively and even the best of tradition or called essential public administration, suffered new exterior the more and more rigorous challenge of the environment, it almost inflexible, come to a deadlock of section layer the system can't adapt information and knowledge of quick variety an intensive type society and economy life more and more, it depends on with the foundation-Pete Wilson of the two greatest theorieses and ancient virtuous promise for build up of politics-administration two cent talk about with the Wei elder brother of one's father section layer's managing a theory all can't answer to reach agreement what government face definitely day by day serious question and difficulty:The government public finance crisis, the social welfare policy is hard is after, the government organ is gradually huge and swollen, the efficiency is lowly, the public loses confidence to the government's ability, the "government failure" ory beginning predominate position.
BE exactly at thus of under the history background, a kind of new public administration theories, management style-lately public management(NewPublic Management) in the 80's of British and American two countrieses emerge with the tide of the times, and quickly expand to western all countries.Different from the change that carry on inside traditional public administration frame before, the lately public management isn't the partial adjustment which manages system and way to carry on a certain degree to the existing administration, or only is for lowering an administration management of cost, decrease administration expenses expenditure, more important, it is to 1 kind of traditional public administration mode to clear up accounts completely with negation.
A, the theories foundation of lately public management
If say traditional public administration with Pete Wilson, ancient virtuous promise's politics-two cents of administrations talk about with the section layer system of the Wei elder brother of one's father talk about for its theories prop up the words of the point, lately public management then with the modern economics and the private enterprise manage theories and method Be an own theories foundation.
First, the lately public management acquires many theories basises from the modern economics, if acquire the basis of results management from the assumption of "reasonableness person"(all of the person's reasonablenesses be for the self-interest, all hope with minimum of pay to acquire the biggest benefits);Acquire a government from the public choice and the bargain cost theories should take the market or the customer as a direction, raise service efficiency, quality and the basis of usefulness;Acquire to carry on a define to the government results target from the cost-performance the analysis, measure and valuation of according to the etc..
Secondly, the lately public management draws to take nourishment from the privately owned the management the method again.The new public administration management thinks that many management methods and meanses of the privately owned section are all public section use.Can vividly adapt environment such as the organized form of privately owned section, not what Wei elder brother of one's father say come to a deadlock of the section layer system;Produce towards produce with result of height value(say to the privately owned section, produce and then mean profits, but in the height the competition of the market environment, obtain the profits has to provide the service of high quality for customer and possibly decline in the meantime low cost), not take care of throw in, not heavily;Carry out vivid contract to employ to make on the personal management with the results wages system, not as soon as employ, permanently work, etc..In fine, the lately public management think, those already with is successfully making use of for the privately owned section of management method, such as results management, target management, organization development, human resource development etc. don't is possess singly by privately owned section and they completely can make use of the management of public section.