Question

初一英语的语法，线单三，THERE BE 句形，......

1.线单三，THERE BE 句形 解释一定要详细并且有例句 2. 以及从初一到初一下册的英语语法 和一些基础的 比如说 动词和动词连接要有NOT 一些类似这样的

Answer 1

There be 句型
1. 定义：There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。
2. 结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语.
(2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.
there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。
eg. ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。
② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。
③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩，一个女孩。
3. There be句型与have的区别：
(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。 eg.
①He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。
②There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。
(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There be 句型与其可互换。
eg. A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。
变脸一：否定句
There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同：not是副词，no为形容词，not a/an/any + n. 相当于no+ n.。例如：
There are some pictures on the wall. →There aren't any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on the wall.
There is a bike behind the tree. → There isn't a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree.
变脸二：一般疑问句
There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可，此为\"调整法\"。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。看看下面两句是如何\"改头换面\"的吧：
There is some water on Mars. → Is there any water on Mars?
There are some fish in the water. →Are there any fish in the water?
变脸三：特殊疑问句
There be句型的特殊疑问句形式有以下三种变化：
① 对主语提问：当主语是人时，用\"Who\'s+介词短语?\"；当主语是物时，用\"What\'s + 介词短语?\"。注意：无论原句的主语是单数还是复数，对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如：
There are many things over there. →What's over there?
There is a little girl in the room.→Who is in the room?
② 对地点状语提问：提问地点当然用"Where is / are+主语?\"啦！例如：
There is a computer on the desk. → Where is the computer?
There are four children on the playground. →Where are the four children?
③ 对数量提问：一般有两种句型结构：
How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语？
How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语？

1．作主语
作主语用的动词不定式常常用it替代，动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。例如：
It's easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo．在东京这样的大城市容易迷路。
It is terrible to see the ship sinking into the sea．目睹轮船沉入大海，真是太可怕了。
2．作宾语
Indians like to eat hot food．印度人喜欢吃辣味食品。
They need to look at a map．他们需要查看地图。
有的动词不定式在作带有补足语的宾语时，前面往往带有形式宾语it。例如：
Do you think it necessary for us to learn to wait？你认为学会等待对我们来说很必要吗？
They improved the software to make it easier for people to use computers．他们改进了软件，使人们使用计算机更简便了。
3．作表语
It seems to be an interesting book．它看起来是本有趣的书。
The old man's job is to take care of the flowers in the garden．这位老人的工作是照料花园里的花。
4．作宾语补足语
He told me not to bring you anything．他叫我不要给你带任何东西。
Who taught you to play the music？谁教你弹这支曲子的？
5．作定语
动词不定式作定语时，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。例如：
In my dreams I always have very difficult jobs to do．我在梦里总是做一些艰难的工作。
Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat．他每天叫一个小动物给他带来吃的东西。
6．作状语
（1）表示目的
You can hide under my seat when the conductor comes to check the tickets．当列车员来查票时，你可以藏在我的座位下面。
In his third year，he left Harvard to work for a company called Microsoft．在三年级时，他为了去微软公司工作而离开了哈佛大学。
（2）表示结果
动词不定式作状语表示结果时常与副词too或enough连用。例如：
It's too heavy to carry．太重了搬不动。
The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people．加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。
7．和某些形容词连用
和动词不定式经常连用的形容词有sure，ready，happy，sorry，afraid等。例如：
He's very happy to see his wife．他见到妻子非常高兴。
I'm sorry to trouble you．很抱歉打扰你了。
8．和疑问词who，what，when，where，which，how构成不定式短语作宾语。例如：
I don't know how to use a computer．我不知道怎样使用计算机。
Can you tell me when to start？你能告诉我什么时候出发吗？
希望能帮到你。。。

Answer 2

一、词法

1、名词

A）、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：

一）在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

二）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员

九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一） 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二） 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B）名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：

一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）

2、代词

项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词
人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性
第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词

A） 第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：

一）一般在词后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二）在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四）以o结尾加es。如：does, goes

五）特殊的有：are-is, have-has

B） 现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：

一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning

四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于

4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时，则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下：

一） 一般在词后加er或est(如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

二）以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母(字母组合除外，如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

三） 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest

四）特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)

good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst

little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词 (基变序，有规则；一、二、三，自己背；五、八、九、十二；其它后接th；y结尾，变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth

二、句式

1.陈述句

肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词)

b) He looks very young. (连系动词)

c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)

d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词)

e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)

否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice.

c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll.

e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)

2. 祈使句

肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English!

c) Come in, please.

否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry.

3. 疑问句

1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?

d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?

肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.

否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.

2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.

3) 特殊疑问句

① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.

② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.

③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.

④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.

How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.

⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?

⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..

What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.

When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.

⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.

⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue.

What’s your favourite color? It’s black.

⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.

Who is the boy in blue? My brother.

Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.

Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?

⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.

What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.

11问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.

What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.

What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.

12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box.

13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.

14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.

15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.

16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.

17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.

What’s your father? He’s a doctor.

三、时态

1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：

Be 动词：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.

情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.

行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.

Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.

2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.

I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.

Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.

They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.