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... Migrant children education 1 LiuXueYi: contemporary Chinese social stratum study [j], social sciences academic press, 2002 HuQi: chien-ming wang, 2) of floating population in China [M]. Shanghai university press, 1997. (3) KeLanJun, statistics: city of villagers [M], the free press, 2001 (4) LiuBingYan: floating population administration [M], east China normal university press, 1997. (5) LiuQian: guangzhou school for children of migrant workers in nanfang daily investigation on April 30, 2004. 6 HouJingFang, Martin trow.from mass, mail: hangzhou migrant schools investigation report "zhejiang journal 2002.5.16 7.you jinxin: migrant children education obligations concerning problems [J] the financial" 2007 (4) and reported to children education predicament, migrant workers and the countermeasures of the reason [J], journal of sichuan province, the provincial authorities party 2007 (1). 9 QiuYunHui: the education of children problem [J], and social sciences, 2006 (9) : 10. LiYuXue migrant children education problem perspective [J], the government legal, 2006 (15). JiangBaoYu: education problem of migrant children and the countermeasure analysis [J], the rural economy, science and technology, 2005 (12) : theory ZhangJuan 12 children education obligations migrant workers are faced with the problem and suggestion, China science and technology information, 2005 (18)
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Closure of Migrant Children Schools Exposes Education Deficiency
A
A taxi stops in front of a school in a village on the outskirts of Beijing. Here, classes are starting and parents are coming to pay their children’s school fees. A hundred meters down the road is Prosperity Elementary School. There, a red banner invites new students to enroll.
These privately-run community schools serve Beijing’s “floating population” – the thousands of unregistered migrant laborers who have flocked to the city in the last decade. Affordable and based in the communities where migrant workers live, they offer an attractive alternative to the more expensive, government-run schools.
And all across Haidian District, many of these schools are opening for the new academic year, in spite of a recent government order to close their doors.
In a major overhaul of the city’s education system, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education hopes to shut down those privately-run schools that do not meet minimum national standards and funnel these students into Beijing’s already over-stretched public schools. The move has proven controversial among many parents and educators.
Educating Beijing’s Floating Population
As Beijing’s migrant population burgeoned in the 1990s, so too did the demand for schools to serve its children. Many of these migrant workers were peasants from China’s poorer regions who worked low-paying jobs and could not afford to send their children to government-run schools.
In response, hundreds of low-cost alternatives sprang up, offering basic education under crude, yet affordable, conditions.
In 1998, the national education authorities, under the auspices of the Bureau of Public Security, formally sanctioned the creation of these special, private, citizen-run schools for migrant children, and held them to a looser set of standards than official schools.
By 2000, these schools were widespread, but many operating under conditions far below national standards. A joint study by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education and municipal districts' education authorities showed that school facilities were “troublingly basic.” Many schools had no permanent buildings, and held class in rented factories and private homes “not fit to be used as classrooms.' Classrooms were often poorly lit and had little or no ventilation, while some school cafeterias, failing to comply with basic sanitation regulations, were havens for illness and disease.
Many schools were also found to lack physical fitness facilities and most schools taught only language and math, offering little or no instruction in science, music or art as required by the standard curriculum.
Moreover, teachers at these migrant children’s schools earn only 800 yuan (US＄ 100) a month. Few have attended university, teachers college or have any other kind of formal training, and many work on a part-time basis. Many principals have low levels of education and lack a basic administrative structure, tending to operate instead on an ad-hoc basis.
As their number grew, some schools began lowering their tuitions in an attempt to win over new students. To cut costs, they allocated less funds to operating expenses.
Despite the conditions, peasant workers continue to send their children to these schools because of their convenience and low cost.
Generally speaking, migrant children's schools charge only 400-500 yuan (US＄ 50 to 63) per semester, much cheaper than all of the government-run schools.
In 2003, the State Council announced a new peasant workers’ policy which guaranteed peasant children the right to primary education , and banned schools from charging extra fees on these migrant children. But in practice, many local governments were still allowing schools to levy various additional fees on migrant workers’ children, which made it impossible for many of them to attend public schools.
Most recent official data estimates that some of the 370,000 migrant children thought to be living in Beijing. Some 280,000 of these children go to public schools or government-approved alternative schools; but up to 90,000 children still attend unapproved substandard schools, which authorities estimate number around 200.
Beijing’s Education Overhaul
Early this year, the State Council issued a series of proposals for resolving the “floating population” problem, firmly reinstating that schools should not charge extra fees on migrant workers’ children.
In early July, the educational authorities of Haidian District issued closing orders to 37 migrant children’s schools which have failed to meet Beijing standards. As a result, the 150,000 students enrolled in these schools must be funneled into existing, government-run schools. That daunting task has posed major challenges to the city’s education system.
The closing orders came four months after the Beijing municipal government decided to implement new school standards on all the city’s primary and middle schools by the year 2010. The new policy seem to target migrant children schools in particular, as city officials demanded that all such schools failing to meet the standards must be closed by the end of September.
On August 31, the Beijing Education Commission’s spokesperson stressed that, 'with respect to the standardization and consolidation of these workers' schools, it cannot be carried out all at once. The educational system ought to suit local conditions.'
Students transferred from migrant schools to government-run schools will not be asked to pay additional tuition.
Heavy Criticism for Proposed Reforms
Despite the city government’s assurances, many remain skeptical.
The proposed reforms have significantly slowed after coming up against fierce criticism from parents and public commentators. They worry that restrictions will be placed on school fees and admissions procedures, and that the children of migrant workers will lose their opportunity to receive basic education.
The principal of one migrant children's school said, 'We question whether the Commission of Education has the ability to properly ensure that these children have the opportunity to study.'
There are signs that the public education system may be simply unprepared to absorb so many migrant children.
In the last few years, Beijing reached its peak of only children reaching school age, and saw a major drop in school enrollment. In 2005, the number of elementary schools in Beijing decreased from 2000 to 1500.
Moreover, while there is a surplus in overall funding for education, its distribution often does not reflect actual need. Education funding, allocated at the county/district level, is based on the number of registered students living in a given district or county. Since most migrant children live in unregistered households, they have a hard time gaining access to these funds.
In Haidian district, for example, the public schools’ capacity is far outstretched by the immediate need. Across the entire district, there are some 51,900 people migrant children, of which only 34,514 are studying in public schools. District authorities estimate that an additional 15,000 students will need to be absorbed into the public system if all their substandard schools are to be closed.
In an attempt to meet this need, the district has decided to cough up an additional 13 million yuan (US＄ 1.6 million) for the maintenance and expansion of existing schools. City-wide, education authorities have announced that the city planned to appropriate an additional 80 million yuan (US＄ 10 million) to resolve the migrant student problem.
However, some wonder whether even these funds will be sufficient to meet the current need. Some experts have pointed out that China's primary education investments are on the whole insufficient, and believe that a long-term, systemic solution needs to be put in place.
The parent of one student said that while government-run schools and privately-run schools are approaching each other in terms of school fees, public elementary schools in her area are filled to capacity. She feared that migrant children would be sent to faraway public schools instead, explaining that she leaves for work early in the morning and returns late in the day, and has no way to bring her child to and from school.
The 'floating children' phenomenon has become a problem that extends far beyond the capacities local district. Local governments cannot foot the entire bill for educating floating children, education experts explained to Caijing. The national government must also bear some of the responsibility.
A
A taxi stops in front of a school in a village on the outskirts of Beijing. Here, classes are starting and parents are coming to pay their children’s school fees. A hundred meters down the road is Prosperity Elementary School. There, a red banner invites new students to enroll.
These privately-run community schools serve Beijing’s “floating population” – the thousands of unregistered migrant laborers who have flocked to the city in the last decade. Affordable and based in the communities where migrant workers live, they offer an attractive alternative to the more expensive, government-run schools.
And all across Haidian District, many of these schools are opening for the new academic year, in spite of a recent government order to close their doors.
In a major overhaul of the city’s education system, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education hopes to shut down those privately-run schools that do not meet minimum national standards and funnel these students into Beijing’s already over-stretched public schools. The move has proven controversial among many parents and educators.
Educating Beijing’s Floating Population
As Beijing’s migrant population burgeoned in the 1990s, so too did the demand for schools to serve its children. Many of these migrant workers were peasants from China’s poorer regions who worked low-paying jobs and could not afford to send their children to government-run schools.
In response, hundreds of low-cost alternatives sprang up, offering basic education under crude, yet affordable, conditions.
In 1998, the national education authorities, under the auspices of the Bureau of Public Security, formally sanctioned the creation of these special, private, citizen-run schools for migrant children, and held them to a looser set of standards than official schools.
By 2000, these schools were widespread, but many operating under conditions far below national standards. A joint study by the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education and municipal districts' education authorities showed that school facilities were “troublingly basic.” Many schools had no permanent buildings, and held class in rented factories and private homes “not fit to be used as classrooms.' Classrooms were often poorly lit and had little or no ventilation, while some school cafeterias, failing to comply with basic sanitation regulations, were havens for illness and disease.
Many schools were also found to lack physical fitness facilities and most schools taught only language and math, offering little or no instruction in science, music or art as required by the standard curriculum.
Moreover, teachers at these migrant children’s schools earn only 800 yuan (US＄ 100) a month. Few have attended university, teachers college or have any other kind of formal training, and many work on a part-time basis. Many principals have low levels of education and lack a basic administrative structure, tending to operate instead on an ad-hoc basis.
As their number grew, some schools began lowering their tuitions in an attempt to win over new students. To cut costs, they allocated less funds to operating expenses.
Despite the conditions, peasant workers continue to send their children to these schools because of their convenience and low cost.
Generally speaking, migrant children's schools charge only 400-500 yuan (US＄ 50 to 63) per semester, much cheaper than all of the government-run schools.
In 2003, the State Council announced a new peasant workers’ policy which guaranteed peasant children the right to primary education , and banned schools from charging extra fees on these migrant children. But in practice, many local governments were still allowing schools to levy various additional fees on migrant workers’ children, which made it impossible for many of them to attend public schools.
Most recent official data estimates that some of the 370,000 migrant children thought to be living in Beijing. Some 280,000 of these children go to public schools or government-approved alternative schools; but up to 90,000 children still attend unapproved substandard schools, which authorities estimate number around 200.
Beijing’s Education Overhaul
Early this year, the State Council issued a series of proposals for resolving the “floating population” problem, firmly reinstating that schools should not charge extra fees on migrant workers’ children.
In early July, the educational authorities of Haidian District issued closing orders to 37 migrant children’s schools which have failed to meet Beijing standards. As a result, the 150,000 students enrolled in these schools must be funneled into existing, government-run schools. That daunting task has posed major challenges to the city’s education system.
The closing orders came four months after the Beijing municipal government decided to implement new school standards on all the city’s primary and middle schools by the year 2010. The new policy seem to target migrant children schools in particular, as city officials demanded that all such schools failing to meet the standards must be closed by the end of September.
On August 31, the Beijing Education Commission’s spokesperson stressed that, 'with respect to the standardization and consolidation of these workers' schools, it cannot be carried out all at once. The educational system ought to suit local conditions.'
Students transferred from migrant schools to government-run schools will not be asked to pay additional tuition.
Heavy Criticism for Proposed Reforms
Despite the city government’s assurances, many remain skeptical.
The proposed reforms have significantly slowed after coming up against fierce criticism from parents and public commentators. They worry that restrictions will be placed on school fees and admissions procedures, and that the children of migrant workers will lose their opportunity to receive basic education.
The principal of one migrant children's school said, 'We question whether the Commission of Education has the ability to properly ensure that these children have the opportunity to study.'
There are signs that the public education system may be simply unprepared to absorb so many migrant children.
In the last few years, Beijing reached its peak of only children reaching school age, and saw a major drop in school enrollment. In 2005, the number of elementary schools in Beijing decreased from 2000 to 1500.
Moreover, while there is a surplus in overall funding for education, its distribution often does not reflect actual need. Education funding, allocated at the county/district level, is based on the number of registered students living in a given district or county. Since most migrant children live in unregistered households, they have a hard time gaining access to these funds.
In Haidian district, for example, the public schools’ capacity is far outstretched by the immediate need. Across the entire district, there are some 51,900 people migrant children, of which only 34,514 are studying in public schools. District authorities estimate that an additional 15,000 students will need to be absorbed into the public system if all their substandard schools are to be closed.
In an attempt to meet this need, the district has decided to cough up an additional 13 million yuan (US＄ 1.6 million) for the maintenance and expansion of existing schools. City-wide, education authorities have announced that the city planned to appropriate an additional 80 million yuan (US＄ 10 million) to resolve the migrant student problem.
However, some wonder whether even these funds will be sufficient to meet the current need. Some experts have pointed out that China's primary education investments are on the whole insufficient, and believe that a long-term, systemic solution needs to be put in place.
The parent of one student said that while government-run schools and privately-run schools are approaching each other in terms of school fees, public elementary schools in her area are filled to capacity. She feared that migrant children would be sent to faraway public schools instead, explaining that she leaves for work early in the morning and returns late in the day, and has no way to bring her child to and from school.
The 'floating children' phenomenon has become a problem that extends far beyond the capacities local district. Local governments cannot foot the entire bill for educating floating children, education experts explained to Caijing. The national government must also bear some of the responsibility.
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