Question

麻烦帮我把这段话翻译成英文，谢谢，不要机器翻译

隐私语和禁忌语涉及礼貌原则中的文雅原则。英语和汉语在雅语和秽语上都有对应的表达式，对死亡、性、排泄等都有委婉的表达方式。但是，英美等西方国家和汉民族由于文化背景的不同，在隐私语的使用上还存在一定的差异。禁忌语作为一种社会文化现象，它的产生、存在和延续有着明显的历史和社会文化根源，例如中西方在宗教信仰、种族歧视、性别歧视、诅咒和亵渎，甚至饮食方面，都有很多禁忌语的存在，他们之间的差异也是显而易见的。比如在英语口语中称谓从正式到随便有很多方式,但如果像汉语那样只叫姓,是错误的。汉语中的“老张”、“小李”或“周”都是可以接受的,而且很普遍,但在英语中只用于很少的几种情况,如:教练对队员,监狱看守对囚犯。如果把“老”(old,senor, elderly)用于英语中来称呼年长的人也是不妥的。在西方文化的价值观里,“老”不是尊称,反而认为是“无所用”之意。中国人在交往时处处体现尊老爱幼的美德,但对英美人直言其老,恐怕是一种冒犯。（李悦娥,范宏雅 1998）Please sit down, Mrs. Green. Youare old. Don' t get tired.这句话在西方人的理解是认为他年纪大了,不中用了,而需要别人的照顾。同样的情景,由于中英文化的不同,就不能套用中文式的表达。例如:看见外国朋友好像生病了,就不能按中国传统的方式来问:“Are you ill?”,这样会让人家难堪,还会伤了人家的自尊心,因为我们询问健康的口气不够委婉、诚恳。可以这样说:“You look rather pale. Are you allright?”,“You seem tired, are you OK?”。有的人在发现人家有病时,还会说:“You should go and see the doctor.”或者“You should go to the pharmacyand buy some medicine.”殊不知,这样带有劝告性的话会令他人不高兴,除非人家明确要求你给予这方面的建议,否则是极不礼貌的,他们会认为你在侮辱他们,因为你认为他们没有判断能力,连这么小的事情也要别人来给予劝告。在中国,熟人之间或初次见面的人可以随便问有关年龄、工资、体重、婚姻、宗教、政治倾向等私人话题,而英美人很忌讳谈论这些话题,不去问人家,即使问了人家,人家也无可奉告,他们只是谈些很随便的话题,比如:天气、工作、爱好、地方、运动等等。
因传统习惯或社会风俗不同,应避免使用会引起对方强烈反感的词语。例如:应该用pass away代替die;用senior表示代替elderlypeople;用plain代替ugly;用farmer表示代替peasant,peasant (这两个单词在英语中的内涵意义是没有受过教育、举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人)。了解这些带有特定文化含义的词,就可以避免使用类似词语带来的不快。避免文化休克（CultureShock）。

Answer 1

隐私语和禁忌语涉及礼貌原则中的文雅原则。
Privacy and taboo involves refinement principle of politeness principle.

英语和汉语在雅语和秽语上都有对应的表达式，对死亡、性、排泄等都有委婉的表达方式。
English and Chinese on the foul language and have corresponding expressions, have euphemism on death, sex and excretion of expression.

但是，英美等西方国家和汉民族由于文化背景的不同，在隐私语的使用上还存在一定的差异。
Britain and the United States and other western countries and the han nationality, however, because of different cultural background, on the use of private language still exist certain differences.

禁忌语作为一种社会文化现象，它的产生、存在和延续有着明显的历史和社会文化根源，例如中西方在宗教信仰、种族歧视、性别歧视、诅咒和亵渎，甚至饮食方面，都有很多禁忌语的存在，他们之间的差异也是显而易见的。
Taboo language as a social cultural phenomenon, its emergence, existence and continuation of a clear historical and social cultural roots, such as Chinese and western in religious, racial discrimination, sexism, curse and profane, and even diet, there are many taboo language, the difference between them is obvious.

比如在英语口语中称谓从正式到随便有很多方式,但如果像汉语那样只叫姓,是错误的。
Such as in the oral English appellation from formal to literally have a lot of ways, but if only call name, like Chinese is wrong.

汉语中的“老张”、“小李”或“周”都是可以接受的,而且很普遍,但在英语中只用于很少的几种情况,如:教练对队员,监狱看守对囚犯。
The "old" in Chinese, "xiao li" or "week" is acceptable, and very popular, but only for a few kinds of things in English, such as: coach for the players, the prison guard on the prisoners.

如果把“老”(old,senor, elderly)用于英语中来称呼年长的人也是不妥的。
If the "old" (old, senor, elderly) used in English to describe older people is wrong.

在西方文化的价值观里,“老”不是尊称,反而认为是“无所用”之意。
In the values of western culture, the "old" is not known, but that is "no use".

中国人在交往时处处体现尊老爱幼的美德,但对英美人直言其老,恐怕是一种冒犯。
Chinese people everywhere when association and grandmather's virtue, but the British and American people expressing their old, is a kind of offense, I'm afraid.

（李悦娥,范宏雅 1998）Please sit down, Mrs. Green. Youare old. Don' t get tired.这句话在西方人的理解是认为他年纪大了,不中用了,而需要别人的照顾。
(those Fan Hongya 1998) both Please sit down, Mrs. Green. Youare old. Don 't get tired. It is the understanding of the westerners think he was too old, not used, and need someone to take care of.

同样的情景,由于中英文化的不同,就不能套用中文式的表达。
The same situation, due to the different Chinese and western culture, will not be able to apply the expression of Chinese style.

例如:看见外国朋友好像生病了,就不能按中国传统的方式来问:“Are you ill?”
For example: see foreign friends like ill, can according to the traditional Chinese way to ask: "Are you ill?"

,这样会让人家难堪,还会伤了人家的自尊心,因为我们询问健康的口气不够委婉、诚恳。
, this will let people embarrassed, still can hurt people's self-esteem, because we asked healthy tone tactful, sincere enough.

可以这样说:“You look rather pale. Are you allright?”
Can say this: "You look rather pale. Are You allright?"

,“You seem tired, are you OK?”
, "You seem tired, You OK?"

。
.

有的人在发现人家有病时,还会说:“You should go and see the doctor.”或者“You should go to the pharmacyand buy some medicine.”殊不知,这样带有劝告性的话会令他人不高兴,除非人家明确要求你给予这方面的建议,否则是极不礼貌的,他们会认为你在侮辱他们,因为你认为他们没有判断能力,连这么小的事情也要别人来给予劝告。
When some people found somebody else sick, would have said: "You should go and see the doctor." or "You should go to the pharmacyand buy some medicine." but, with that advice sex words will make others unhappy, unless somebody else specifically asks You to give this advice, it is very polite, they will think You are insulting them, because You think they have no judgment, even such a small thing to someone else to give advice.

在中国,熟人之间或初次见面的人可以随便问有关年龄、工资、体重、婚姻、宗教、政治倾向等私人话题,而英美人很忌讳谈论这些话题,不去问人家,即使问了人家,人家也无可奉告,他们只是谈些很随便的话题,比如:天气、工作、爱好、地方、运动等等。
In China, an acquaintance or between first met one can ask about age, salary, weight, marriage, religion, political tendency and other private topic, and British and American people is very taboo to talk about these topics, not ask somebody else, even asked the somebody else, somebody else also have nothing to say, they just talk about some easy topic, such as: the weather, sports, work, hobbies, place etc.

因传统习惯或社会风俗不同,应避免使用会引起对方强烈反感的词语。
Because of the traditional habits or social customs, should avoid to use will cause strong dislike each other's words.

例如:应该用pass away代替die;
For example, should pass away instead of die;

用senior表示代替elderlypeople;
Substitute empresa said elderlypeople;

用plain代替ugly;
Replace with plain ugly;

用farmer表示代替peasant,peasant (这两个单词在英语中的内涵意义是没有受过教育、举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人)。
Farmer said instead of peasant, peasant (connotations of these two words in English is with no education, be rude, such narrow mind).

了解这些带有特定文化含义的词,就可以避免使用类似词语带来的不快。
Understand these with a particular cultural meanings of words, can avoid to use similar words bring unhappiness.

避免文化休克（CultureShock）。
Avoid culture shock (CultureShock).

Answer 2

Privacy and taboo involves refinement principle of politeness
principle. English and Chinese on the foul language and have corresponding
expressions, have euphemism on death, sex and excretion of expression. Britain
and the United States and other western countries and the han nationality,
however, because of different cultural background, on the use of private
language still exist certain differences. Taboo language as a social cultural
phenomenon, its emergence, existence and continuation of a clear historical and
social cultural roots, such as Chinese and western in religious, racial
discrimination, sexism, curse and profane, and even diet, there are many taboo
language, the difference between them is obvious. Such as in the oral English
appellation from formal to literally have a lot of ways, but if only call name,
like Chinese is wrong. The "old" in Chinese, "xiao li" or "week" is acceptable,
and very popular, but only for a few kinds of things in English, such as: coach
for the players, the prison guard on the prisoners. If the "old" (old, senor,
elderly) used in English to describe older people is wrong. In the values of
western culture, the "old" is not known, but that is "no use". Chinese people
everywhere when association and grandmather's virtue, but the British and
American people expressing their old, is a kind of offense, I'm afraid. (those
Fan Hongya 1998) both Please sit down, Mrs. Green. Youare old. Don 't get tired.
It is the understanding of the westerners think he was too old, not used, and
need someone to take care of. The same situation, due to the different Chinese
and western culture, will not be able to apply the expression of Chinese style.
For example: see foreign friends like ill, can according to the traditional
Chinese way to ask: "Are you ill?" , this will let people embarrassed, still can
hurt people's self-esteem, because we asked healthy tone tactful, sincere
enough. Can say this: "You look rather pale. Are You allright?" , "You seem
tired, You OK?" . When some people found somebody else sick, would have said:
"You should go and see the doctor." or "You should go to the pharmacyand buy
some medicine." but, with that advice sex words will make others unhappy, unless
somebody else specifically asks You to give this advice, it is very polite, they
will think You are insulting them, because You think they have no judgment, even
such a small thing to someone else to give advice. In China, an acquaintance or
between first met one can ask about age, salary, weight, marriage, religion,
political tendency and other private topic, and British and American people is
very taboo to talk about these topics, not ask somebody else, even asked the
somebody else, somebody else also have nothing to say, they just talk about some
easy topic, such as: the weather, sports, work, hobbies, place etc.

Because of the traditional habits or social customs, should avoid
to use will cause strong dislike each other's words. For example, should pass
away instead of die; Substitute empresa said elderlypeople; Replace with plain
ugly; Farmer said instead of peasant, peasant (connotations of these two words
in English is with no education, be rude, such narrow mind). Understand these
with a particular cultural meanings of words, can avoid to use similar words
bring unhappiness. Avoid culture shock (CultureShock).

Answer 3

Privacy and taboo involves refinement principle of politeness principle. English and Chinese on the foul language and have corresponding expressions, have euphemism on death, sex and excretion of expression. Britain and the United States and other western countries and the han nationality, however, because of different cultural background, on the use of private language still exist certain differences. Taboo language as a social cultural phenomenon, its emergence, existence and continuation of a clear historical and social cultural roots, such as Chinese and western in religious, racial discrimination, sexism, curse and profane, and even diet, there are many taboo language, the difference between them is obvious. Such as in the oral English appellation from formal to literally have a lot of ways, but if only call name, like Chinese is wrong. The "old" in Chinese, "xiao li" or "week" is acceptable, and very popular, but only for a few kinds of things in English, such as: coach for the players, the prison guard on the prisoners. If the "old" (old, senor, elderly) used in English to describe older people is wrong. In the values of western culture, the "old" is not known, but that is "no use". Chinese people everywhere when association and grandmather's virtue, but the British and American people expressing their old, is a kind of offense, I'm afraid. (those Fan Hongya 1998) both Please sit down, Mrs. Green. Youare old. Don 't get tired. It is the understanding of the westerners think he was too old, not used, and need someone to take care of. The same situation, due to the different Chinese and western culture, will not be able to apply the expression of Chinese style. For example: see foreign friends like ill, can according to the traditional Chinese way to ask: "Are you ill?" , this will let people embarrassed, still can hurt people's self-esteem, because we asked healthy tone tactful, sincere enough. Can say this: "You look rather pale. Are You allright?" , "You seem tired, You OK?" . When some people found somebody else sick, would have said: "You should go and see the doctor." or "You should go to the pharmacyand buy some medicine." but, with that advice sex words will make others unhappy, unless somebody else specifically asks You to give this advice, it is very polite, they will think You are insulting them, because You think they have no judgment, even such a small thing to someone else to give advice. In China, an acquaintance or between first met one can ask about age, salary, weight, marriage, religion, political tendency and other private topic, and British and American people is very taboo to talk about these topics, not ask somebody else, even asked the somebody else, somebody else also have nothing to say, they just talk about some easy topic, such as: the weather, sports, work, hobbies, place etc.
Because of the traditional habits or social customs, should avoid to use will cause strong dislike each other's words. For example, should pass away instead of die; Substitute empresa said elderlypeople; Replace with plain ugly; Farmer said instead of peasant, peasant (connotations of these two words in English is with no education, be rude, such narrow mind). Understand these with a particular cultural meanings of words, can avoid to use similar words bring unhappiness. Avoid culture shock (CultureShock).

Answer 4

Privacy and taboo involves refinement principle of politeness principle. English and Chinese on the foul language and have corresponding expressions, have euphemism on death, sex and excretion of expression. Britain and the United States and other western countries and the han nationality, however, because of different cultural background, on the use of private language still exist certain differences. Taboo language as a social cultural phenomenon, its emergence, existence and continuation of a clear historical and social cultural roots, such as Chinese and western in religious, racial discrimination, sexism, curse and profane, and even diet, there are many taboo language, the difference between them is obvious. Such as in the oral English appellation from formal to literally have a lot of ways, but if only call like Chinese.
For example: see foreign friends like ill, can according to the traditional Chinese way to ask: "Are you ill?" , this will let people embarrassed, still can hurt people's self-esteem, because we asked healthy tone tactful, sincere enough. Can say this: "You look rather pale. Are You allright?" , "You seem tired, You OK?" . When some people found somebody else sick, would have said: "You should go and see the doctor." or "You should go to the pharmacyand buy some medicine." but, with that advice sex words will make others unhappy, unless somebody else specifically asks You to give this advice, it is very polite, they will think You are insulting them, because You think they have no judgment, even such a small thing to someone else to give advice. In China, between acquaintances or first met one can ask
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